| ADVAITA | Non-duality; a school of Vedanta philosophy teaching the oneness of God, soul, and universe, whose chief exponent was Sankaracharya. |
| AGNIHOTRA | A Vedic sacrifice in which oblations are offered to Agni, the Fire-god. |
| AHAMKARA | Ego or "I-consciousness"; one of the functions of the inner organ. (See Antahkarana.) |
| AJNANA | A term of Vedanta philosophy meaning ignorance, individual or cosmic. According to Non-dualistic Vedanta it is responsible for the perception of multiplicity in the relative world and also for man's bondage and suffering. |
| AKASA | The first of the five material elements that constitute the universe; often translated as "space" or "eter". The four other elements are vayu (air), agni (fire), ap (water), and prithivi (earth). |
| ANANDA | Bliss. |
| ANANDAMAYAKOSA | The sheath of bliss. (see Kosa) |
| ANNAMAYAKOSA | The gross physical sheath. (see Kosa) |
| ANTAHKARANA | The innerorgan, comprising manas (mind), buddhi (intellect or determinative faculty), citta (pleasure-seeking faculty), and, ahamkara (ego). |
| ATHARVA-VEDA | One of the section of the Vedas. (see Vedas) |
| (Lit., Self-Knowledge) The name of a Sanskrit work written by Sankaracharya. | (Lit., Self-Knowledge) The name of a Sanskrit work written by Sankaracharya. |
| ATMABODDHA | The Self, or Soul; denotes also the Supreme Soul, which, according to Non-dualistic Vedanta, is one with the individual soul. |
| ATMAN | The Self, or Soul; denotes also the Supreme Soul, which, according to Non-dualistic Vedanta, is one with the individual soul. |
| AVIDYA | A term of Vedanta philosophy meaning ignorance, individual or cosmic. (see Ajnana) |
| BHAGAVAD-GITA | A well-known Hindu scripture, comprising eighteen chapters of the Bhisma Parva of the Mahabharata. |
| BRAHMA | The Creator God; the First Person of the Hindu Trinity, the other two being Vishnu and Siva. |
| BRAHMACHARI | A celibate religious student who lives with his teacher and devotes himself to the practice of spiritual discipline. |
| BRAHMAJNANA | The knowledge of Brahman. |
| BRAHMALOKA | The plane of Brahma, roughly corresponding to the highest heaven of the dualistic religions, where fortunate souls repair after death and enjoy spiritual communion with the Personal God. |
| BRAHMAN | The Absolute; the Supreme Reality of Non-dualistic Vedanta. |
| BRAHMANAS | One of the two main sections of the Vedas. (see Vedas) |
| BRAHMA-SUTRA | An authoritative treatise on Vedanta philosophy ascribed to Vyasa. Same as Vedanta-sutras. |
| BRAHMIN | A member of the priestly caste, the highest caste in Hindu society. |
| BUDDHA | (Lit., The Enlightened One) The founder of Buddhism. |
| BUDDHI | The determinative faculty of the mind which makes decisions; sometimes translated as "intelect".(see Antahkarana) |
| CHARVAKA | The founder of the well-known materialistic school of Hindu philosophy. |
| CHIT | Consciousness. |
| CHITTA | The function of the inner organ which seeks for pleasurable objects. (see Antahkarana) |
| CODE OF MANU | A book on Hindu law by Manu. |
| DEVAS | (Lit., shining ones) The gods of Hindu mythology. |
| DHARMA | Righteousness, duty. The inner constitution of a thing, which governs its growth. |
| DURGA | The Divine Mother. |
| GAUDAPADA | A celebrated philosopher of Non-dualistic Vedanta whose principal work is a commentary on the Mandukya Upanisad. |
| GAUTAMA | The author of the Nyaya system of Hindu philosophy, or Indian Logic. |
| GOVINDA | A name of Sri Krishna. |
| GOVINDAPADA | The teacher of Sri Sankaracharya. |
| GUNA | According to Samkhya philosophy, Prakriti (Nature or matter), consist of three gunas -usually translated as 'qualities' -known as sattva, rajas, and tamas. Tamas stands for inertia or dullness; rajas, for activity or restlessness; sattva, for balance or righteousness. |
| GURU | Spiritual teacher. |
| INDRA | The king of the gods. |
| ISVARA | The Personal God. (See Saguna Brahman) |
| JAPA | (See Ma The author of the Purva Mimamsa system of Hindu philosophy, which deals with the ritualistic portion of the Vedas. ntra) |
| JIVA | (Lit., living being) The individual soul, which in essence is one with the Universal Soul. |
| JIIVANMUKTA | One enjoying Liberation while living in the body. |
| JNANA | Knowledge of reality. |
| JNANAKANDA | The part of the Vedas that teaches philosophical wisdom. |
| KAILAS | A peak of the Himalayas, regarded as the sacred abode of Siva. |
| KANADA | The author of the Vaisesika system of Hindu philosophy. |
| KAPILA | The author of the Samkhya system of Hindu philosophy. |
| KARIKA | A commentary or a philosophical, grammatical work in concise statements |
| KARMA | Action in general; duty; ritualistic worship. |
| KARMAKANDA | The part of the Vedas that deals with rituals and sacrifices. |
| KOSA | (Lit., sheath or covering) The following are the five kosas as described in Vedanta philosophy: (1) the annamayakosa, or gross physical sheath, made of and sustained by food; (2) the pranamayakosa, or vital sheath, consisting of the five pranas or vital forces; (3) the manomayakosa, or mental sheath; (4)the vijnanamayakosa, or sheath of intelligence; (5) the anandamayakosa, or sheath of bliss. These five sheaths cover the Soul, which is the innermost reality or the jiva and is untouched by the characteristics of the sheaths. |
| KRISHNA | An Incarnation of God whose life is given in the Bhagavata and in the Mahabharata. |
| KSATRIA | A member of the warrior caste. |
| MADANA | The founder of the Dualistic school of Vedanta philosophy (A.D. 1199-1276). |
| MAHABHARATA | A famous Hindu Epic. |
| MAHADEVA | (Lit., the Great God) A name of Siva. |
| MANAS | The faculty of doubt and volition, sometimes translated as 'mind'; one of the functions of the inner organ. (See Antahkarana) |
| MANOMAYAKOSA | The sheath of the mind. (See Kosa) |
| MANTRA | Holy Sanskrit text; the sacred formula used in japa, or repetition of God's name. Also one of the two main sections of the Vedas. (See Vedas) |
| MANU | The celebrated law-giver of ancient India, who is supposed to be the author of the Manusamhita, or Code of Manu. |
| MAYA | A term of Vedanta philosophy denoting ignorance obscuring the vision of Reality; the cosmic illusion on account of which the One appears as the many, the Absolute as the relative. |
| MOKSA | Liberation. |
| NARAYANA | The Supreme Godhead of the Vaisnavas, or worshippers of Vishnu. |
| NIRGUNA BRAHMAN | The Supreme Godhead of the Vaisnavas, or worshippers of Vishnu. |
| NIRVANA | (Lit., blowing out, as a flame) Annihilation of desire, passion, and ego; Liberation, characterized by freedom and bliss. |
| NIRVIKALPASAMADHI | The highest state of samadhi, in which the aspirant realizes his total oneness with Brahman. |
| OM | The most sacred word of the Vedas; also written Aum. It is a symbol of both the personal God and the Absolute. |
| PARVATI | Daughter of king Himalaya and consort of Siva; a manifestation of Divine Mother. |
| PATANJALI | The author of the Yoga system of Hindu philosophy. |
| PRAKRTI | Primordial Nature; the material substratum of the creation, consisting of sattva, rajas, and tamas. |
| PRANA | The vital breath, which sustains life in a physical body; the primal energy or force, of which other physical forces are manifestations. In the books of Yoga, prana is described as having five modifications, according to its five different functions. These are: prana (the vital energy that controls the breath), apana(the vital energy that carries downward unassimilated food and drink), samana (the vital energy that carries nutrition all over the body), vyama (the vital energy that pervades the entire body), and udana (the vital energy by which the contents of the stomach are ejected through the mouth). The word Prana is also a name of the Cosmic Soul, endowed with activity. |
| PRANAMAYAKOSA | The vital sheath. (See Kosa) |
| PRARABDHA KARMA | Action done in a previous life which has begun to bear fruit in the present life. |
| PURANAS | Books of Hindu mythology. |
| PURUSA | (Lit., person) A term of Samkhya philosophy denoting the Conscious Principle. The universe evolves from the union of Prakriti (Nature) and Purusa. In Vedanta the world also denotes the Soul and the Absolute |
| RAJAS | The principle of activity or restlessness. (See Guna) |
| RAJASIC | Pertaining to, or endowed with rajas |
| RAMA | The hero of the Ramayana, regarded by the Hindus as a Divine Incarnation. |
| RAMAKRISHNA | A great saint of Bengal, regarded as a Divine Incarnation (A.D. 1836-1886). |
| RAMANUJA | A famous saint and philosopher of southern India, the founder of the school of Qualified Non-dualism (A. D. 1017-1137) |
| RAMAYANA | A famous Hindu epic. |
| RAVANA | The monster-king of Ceylon, who forcibly abducted Sita, the wife of Rama. His life and exploits are described in the Ramayana. |
| RIG-VEDA | One of the four Vedas. (See Vedas) |
| RISHI | A seer of Truth; a revealer of the wisdom of the Vedas. |
| SADHANANDA | A Vedantist philosopher, the author of Vedantasara, or The Essence of Vedanta, who lived probably during the middle of the fifteenth century. |
| SAGUNA BRAHMAN | (Lit., Brahman with attributes) The Absolute conceived as the Creator, Preserver, and Destroyer of the universe; corresponds to Isvara, or the Personal God. |
| SAMADHI | Ecstasy, trance, complete concentration, communion with God. |
| SAMA-VEDA | One of the four Vedas. (See Vedas) |
| SAMBHU | An epithet of Siva. |
| SAMHITA | A section of the Vedas. (See Vedas) |
| SAMKHYA | One of the six systems of Hindu philosophy, ascribed to Kapila. |
| SAMSARA | The world of change and becoming; the relative world. |
| SANATANA DHARMA | (Lit., Eternal Religion) The religion of the Hindus, formulated by the Rishis of the Vedas. |
| SANKARA | A name of Siva; also short for Sankaracharya. |
| SANKARACHARYA | The great philosopher of Non-dualistic Vedanta. (A.D. 788-820) |
| SANNYASA | The monastic life. |
| SANNYASI | A Hindu monk, who renounces the world in order to realize God. |
| SATTVA | The principle of balance or righteousness. (See Guna) |
| SAVIKALPA SAMADHI | Communion with God in which the distinction between subject and object is retained. |
| SISYA | Disciple |
| SITA | The consort of Rama. Her life is described in Ramayana. |
| SHIVA | The Destroyer God; the Third Person of the Hindu Trinity, the other two being Brahma and Vishnu. |
| SMRITI | The law books, subsidiary to the Vedas, guiding the daily life and conduct of the Hindus. |
| SRUTI | The Vedas. |
| SUSUMNA | The hollow canal within the spinal column, through which the awakened spiritual energy rises. |
| TURYA | (Lit., the fourth) A name of the Transcendental Brahman, which both transcends and pervades the three states of waking, dream, and deep sleep. |
| UMA | A name of the Divine Mother; same as Parvati, the Consort of Siva. |
| UPADHI | A term of Vedanta philosophy denoting a limitation imposed upon the Self or upon Brahman through ignorance. |
| UPANISHADS | One of the sections of the Vedas, forming, with one or two exceptions, the concluding chapters of the Aranyakas and containing the Vedanta philosophy. (See Vedas) There are one hundred and eight Upanishads extant, of which eleven are the most important. |
| VAMADEVA | An epithet of Siva. |
| VEDANTA | (Lit., the conclusion of the Vedas) A system of philosophy ascribed to Vyasa, discussed mainly in the Upanishads, the Bhagavad-Gita and the Brahma Sutras. |
| VEDAS | The most sacred scriptures of the Hindus and the ultimate authority of the Hindu religion and philosophy. They were arranged by Vyasa into four books, namely, the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, the Sama-Veda, and the Atharva-Veda. According to orthodox Vedic scholars the Vedas consist of the Mantras and the Brahmanas. The Mantras include the Samhita, and the Brahmanas include the Aranyakas and the Upanishads. |
| VIJNANAMAYAKOSA | The sheath of intelligence. (See Kosa) |
| VIRAT | Consciousness limited or conditioned by the upadhi of the aggregate of gross bodies. |
| VISNU | The philosophy of Qualified Non-dualism, a school of Vedanta philosophy teaching that individual souls and the universe are parts of Brahman; its chief exponent was Ramanuja. |
| VISISTADVAITA | The philosophy of Qualified Non-dualism, a school of Vedanta philosophy teaching that individual souls and the universe are parts of Brahman; its chief exponent was Ramanuja. |
| VIVEKA | Philosophical discrimination. |
| VYASA | A celebrated sage, who is reputed to have arranged the Vedas in their present form; he is also believed to be the author of the Mahabharata, the eighteen Puranas, and the Brahma Sutras |
| YAJUR-VEDA | One of the four Vedas. (See Vedas) |
| YOGA | Union of the individual soul and the Supreme Soul; the discipline by which such union is effected. The Yoga system of philosophy, ascribed to Patanjali, deals with the realisation of Truth through concentration of mind. |
