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Surplus labour - Surplus labour and historical materialism | | Surplus labour - Surplus labour and historical materialism: Encyclopedia II - Surplus labour - Surplus labour and historical materialism | | In Das Kapital Vol. 3, Marx highlights the central role played by surplus labour:
"The specific economic form, in which unpaid surplus-labour is pumped out of direct producers, determines the relationship of rulers and ruled, as it grows directly out of production itself and, in turn, reacts upon it as a determining element. Upon this, however, is founded the entire formation of the economic community which grows up out of the production relations themselves, thereby simultaneously its specific political form. It is always the d ...
See also:Surplus labour, Surplus labour - Origin of surplus labour, Surplus labour - Surplus labour and exploitation, Surplus labour - Surplus labour in capitalist society, Surplus labour - Surplus labour and historical materialism, Surplus labour - Surplus labour and unequal exchange, Surplus labour - Modern criticism of Marx's concept of surplus labour | | | Surplus labour, Surplus labour - Modern criticism of Marx's concept of surplus labour, Surplus labour - Origin of surplus labour, Surplus labour - Surplus labour and exploitation, Surplus labour - Surplus labour and historical materialism, Surplus labour - Surplus labour and unequal exchange, Surplus labour - Surplus labour in capitalist society, surplus value, surplus product, economic surplus, rate of exploitation, capital accumulation, labour power, capitalist mode of production, productive and unproductive labour, Abstract labour and concrete labour, Reserve army of labour | | |
| | | Surplus labour: Encyclopedia II - Surplus labour - Surplus labour and historical materialism
Surplus labour - Surplus labour and historical materialism
In Das Kapital Vol. 3, Marx highlights the central role played by surplus labour:
"The specific economic form, in which unpaid surplus-labour is pumped out of direct producers, determines the relationship of rulers and ruled, as it grows directly out of production itself and, in turn, reacts upon it as a determining element. Upon this, however, is founded the entire formation of the economic community which grows up out of the production relations themselves, thereby simultaneously its specific political form. It is always the direct relationship of the owners of the conditions of production to the direct producers — a relation always naturally corresponding to a definite stage in the development of the methods of labour and thereby its social productivity — which reveals the innermost secret, the hidden basis of the entire social structure and with it the political form of the relation of sovereignty and dependence, in short, the corresponding specific form of the state. This does not prevent the same economic basis — the same from the standpoint of its main conditions — due to innumerable different empirical circumstances, natural environment, racial relations, external historical influences, etc. from showing infinite variations and gradations in appearance, which can be ascertained only by analysis of the empirically given circumstances." [3]
This statement is a foundation of Marx's historical materialism insofar as it specifies what the class conflicts in civil society are ultimately about: an economy of time, which compels some to do work of which part or all of the benefits go to someone else, while others can have leisure-time which in reality depends on the work efforts of those forced to work.
In modern society, having work or leisure may often seem a choice, but for most of humanity, work is an absolute necessity, and consequently most people are concerned with the real benefits they get from that work. They may accept a certain rate of exploitation of their labour as an inescapable condition for their existence, if they depend on a wage or salary, but beyond that, they will increasingly resist it. Consequently, a morality or legal norm develops in civil society which imposes limits for surplus-labour, in one form or another. Forced labour, slavery, gross mistreatment of workers etc. are no longer generally acceptable, although they continue to occur; working conditions and pay levels can usually be contested in courts of law.
Other related archivesAbstract labour and concrete labour, Das Kapital, Forced labour, ILO, Karl Marx, Labor, Maria Mies, Marilyn Waring, Marxism, Marxist theory, Raul Prebisch, Reserve army of labour, Samir Amin, WTO, capital, capital accumulation, capitalism, capitalist mode of production, choice, division of labour, economic surplus, factors of production, feudal society, historical materialism, intellectual property rights, labour power, law of value, morality, political economy, power, productive and unproductive labour, profit, rate of exploitation, relations of production, slavery, social classes, strike action, surplus product, surplus value, surplus-value, terms of trade, time use surveys, trade, unemployment, unequal exchange, union
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Surplus labour and historical materialism", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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