breve - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Breve: Encyclopedia - Breve
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumfle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cedilla: Encyclopedia - Cedilla
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caron: Encyclopedia - Caron
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diaeresis: Encyclopedia - Diaeresis
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pinyin: Encyclopedia - Pinyin
Chinese language    General Chinese    Singapore Mandarin For Standard Mandarin     EFEO     Gwoy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cyrillic Alphabet: Encyclopedia - Cyrillic Alphabet
The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages (Bela...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut: Encyclopedia - Umlaut
The term umlaut is used for two closely related notions: a special kind of vowel modification and a particular diacritic mark. Umlaut - V...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel Length: Encyclopedia - Vowel Length
In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a vowel sound. Often the chroneme, or the "longness", acts like a consonant, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anusvara: Encyclopedia - Anusvara
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ring Diacritic: Encyclopedia - Ring Diacritic
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumfle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ŭ: Encyclopedia - Ŭ
Ŭ or ŭ is a letter in the Belarusian language, when written in the Latin-based Łacinka alphabet, and is also a letter in the Esperanto...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grave Accent: Encyclopedia - Grave Accent
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bar Diacritic: Encyclopedia - Bar Diacritic
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ogonek: Encyclopedia - Ogonek
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Circumflex: Encyclopedia - Circumflex
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ğ: Encyclopedia - Ğ
Ğ, or ğ, is a letter, known as g-breve in English, used in the Turkish, Azerbaijani and Tatar languages. The unicode code point is U+01...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acute Accent: Encyclopedia - Acute Accent
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Double Acute Accent: Encyclopedia - Double Acute Accent
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Macron: Encyclopedia - Macron
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dot Diacritic: Encyclopedia - Dot Diacritic
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ŭ: Encyclopedia Ii - Ŭ - Esperanto
Ŭ also represents a semivowel in Esperanto orthography, which was devised in the late 19th century. As in Belarusian, Esperanto Ŭ is pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cyrillic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Cyrillic Alphabet - As Used In Various Languages
Sounds are indicated using IPA. These are only approximate indicators. While these languages by and large have phonemic orthographies, th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renaissance Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Renaissance Music - Overview
Renaissance music - Style and trends. French Renaissance German Renaissance English Renaissance The increasing reliance on the in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Early Cyrillic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Early Cyrillic Alphabet - Numerals Diacritics And Punctuation
Each letter also had a numeric value, inherited from the corresponding Greek letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut Diacritic: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut Diacritic - Borrowing Of German Umlaut Notation
Some languages have borrowed some of the forms of the letters Ä, Ë, Ï, Ö, or Ü, for example Spanish, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, K...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diacritic: Encyclopedia Ii - Diacritic - Alphabetization Or Collation
Different languages use different rules to put diacritic characters in alphabetical order. French treats letters with diacritical marks t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Esperanto: Encyclopedia Ii - Esperanto - Linguistic Properties
Esperanto - Classification. As a constructed language, Esperanto is not genealogically related to any ethnic language. Esperanto can be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diaeresis: Encyclopedia Ii - Diaeresis - Usage
In French, Greek and Dutch (but seldomly in English (compare: coëfficiënt in Dutch, but coefficient in English, yet in both languages t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Phonetic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - International Phonetic Alphabet - Description
The general principle of the IPA is to provide a separate symbol for each speech segment, avoiding letter combinations (digraphs) such as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Latin Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Latin Alphabet - Extensions
In the course of its history, the Latin alphabet was adapted for use for new languages, some of which had phonemes which were not used in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Music - Late Medieval Music 1300-1400
Medieval music - France: Ars nova. The beginning of the Ars nova is one of the few clean chronological divisions in medieval music, sin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel Length: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel Length - Notations In The Latin Alphabet
Vowel length - Diacritics. Macron, used to indicate a long vowel in Maori, Latvian and many transcription schemes, including romanizat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Musical Notation: Encyclopedia Ii - Musical Notation - Other Notation Systems
Musical notation - Figured bass. Figured bass notation originated in baroque basso continuo parts. It is also used extensively in accor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caron: Encyclopedia Ii - Caron - List Of Letters
A complete list of Czech and Slovak letters and digraphs with the háček/caron: Č/č (pronounced /ʧ/ — similar to 'ch' in cherry, e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Esperanto Orthography: Encyclopedia Ii - Esperanto Orthography - Unicode
The entire Esperanto alphabet is part of the Latin-3 and Unicode character sets, and is included in WGL4. The HTML entities for the speci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut - Diacritical Mark
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Time Signature: Encyclopedia Ii - Time Signature - Simple And Compound Time Signatures
A time signature defines the pulse and thus establishes the "count" of a musical work. Time signatures can be "simple" or "compound". Ti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Musical Notation: Encyclopedia Ii - Musical Notation - Other Notation Systems
Musical notation - Figured bass. Main article: Figured bass Figured bass notation originated in baroque basso continuo parts. It is a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Romanian Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Romanian Alphabet - Diacritical Marks
Five of the above letters have diacritical marks: Ă ă — a with breve  ⠗ a with circumflex Î î — i with circumflex Ș ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cedilla: Encyclopedia Ii - Cedilla - Use Of The Cedilla With The Letter C
The most frequent character with cedilla is the ç (c with cedilla). This letter was used for the sound of the affricate [ts] in old Span...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polytonic Orthography: Encyclopedia Ii - Polytonic Orthography - Sample Greek Text
Πάτερ ημών ο εν τοις ουρανοίς αγιασθήτω το όνομά σου· ελθέτω η βασιλεία σου...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grave Accent: Encyclopedia Ii - Grave Accent - Use In English
The grave accent is used in English only in poetry and song lyrics. It indicates that a vowel usually silent is to be pronounced, in orde...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel Length: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel Length - Notations In The Latin Alphabet
Vowel length - Diacritics. Macron, used to indicate a long vowel in Maori, Latvian and many transcription schemes, including romanizat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acute Accent: Encyclopedia Ii - Acute Accent - Openness
In French the acute accent is used only on the letter e, where it changes the vowel sound. The mark is known as "accent aigu" and disting...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pinyin: Encyclopedia Ii - Pinyin - Tones
The Pinyin system also incorporates suprasegmental phonemes to represent the four tones of Mandarin. Each tone is indicated by a diacriti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caron: Encyclopedia Ii - Caron - List Of Letters
A complete list of Czech and Slovak letters and digraphs with the háček/caron: Č/č (pronounced /ʧ/ — similar to 'ch' in cherry, e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Double Acute Accent: Encyclopedia Ii - Double Acute Accent - Use In Hungarian
Standard Hungarian has 14 vowels in a symmetrical system: seven short vowels, (a, e, i, o, ö, u, ü) and seven long ones, which are writ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diaeresis: Encyclopedia Ii - Diaeresis - Similar Looks, Different Functions
Diaeresis - Umlaut. The same diacritic mark is used for a different purpose in German: in this language it marks a variation in the pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut - In Computing
Umlaut - Entering umlauts in HTML. Most character encodings treat the umlaut as the same diacritic mark as the diaeresis. In HTML, vowe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Music - Early Medieval Music -1150
Medieval music - Early chant traditions. Chant (or plainsong) is a monophonic sacred form which represents the earliest known music of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Music - Overview
Medieval music - Style and trends. The general trend in Medieval music is toward complexity in harmony, rhythm, text, and orchestration...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel Length: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel Length - Etymologies
The long vowel may often be traced to assimilation. For a clear-cut example, consider spoken Finnish suurii < suuria: the chroneme is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Romanian Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Romanian Alphabet - Unicode
There is a lot of confusion about how to write the Romanian characters that denote the sounds /S/ and /ts/. Although the officially prefe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Latin Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Latin Alphabet - Overview
The default Latin alphabet is the Roman, supplemented with J, W, Z, U, and lower-case variants: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Musical Notation: Encyclopedia Ii - Musical Notation - Origins
There is some evidence that a kind of musical notation was practiced by the Egyptians from the 3rd millennium BC and by others in the Ori...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Musical Notation: Encyclopedia Ii - Musical Notation - Standard Notation Described
Musical notation - Elements of the staff. A staff (in British English, also stave) is generally presented with a clef, which indicates ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Polytonic Orthography: Encyclopedia Ii - Polytonic Orthography - Examples Of Polytonic Characters
The following tables list some of the characters required in polytonic Greek. Polytonic orthography - Upper case. Note that depending o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Romanian Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Romanian Alphabet - Phonetic Alphabet
There is a Romanian equivalent to the English-language NATO phonetic alphabet: B – Barbu C – Constantin D - Dumitru E - Elena F - Flo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut - Vowel Modification
Umlaut - Germanic umlaut. In linguistics, the process of umlaut (from German um- "changed", "transformation" + Laut "sound") is a modif...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Music - High Medieval Music 1150-1300
Medieval music - Ars antiqua. The flowering of the Notre Dame school of polyphony from around 1150 to 1250 corresponded to the equally ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Romanian Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Romanian Alphabet - Letters And Their Pronunciation
(also with cedilla: Ş ş) (also with cedilla: Ţ ţ) ... See also:Romanian alphabet, Romanian alphabet - Diacritical marks, Romanian a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Time Signature: Encyclopedia Ii - Time Signature - Mixed Meters
While time signatures usually express a regular pattern of beat stresses continuing through a piece (or at least a section), sometimes co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pinyin: Encyclopedia Ii - Pinyin - Rules Given In Terms Of English Pronunciation
All rules given here in terms of English pronunciation are approximate. Pinyin - Pronunciation of initials. Pinyin - Pronunciation of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut Diacritic: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut Diacritic - Diaeresis
In French, Greek and Dutch (but seldomly in English (compare: coëfficiënt in Dutch, but coefficient in English, yet in both languages t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pinyin: Encyclopedia Ii - Pinyin - Other Languages
Pinyin-like systems have been devised for other variants of Chinese. Guangdong Romanization is a set of romanizations devised by the gove...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut Diacritic: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut Diacritic - In Cyrillic
Diaeresis was used in the early Cyrillic alphabet which was used to write Old Church Slavonic. The modern Cyrillic Belarusian and Russian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut Diacritic: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut Diacritic - In Computing
Umlaut diacritic - Entering umlauts in HTML. Most character encodings treat the umlaut as the same diacritic mark as the diaeresis. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut Diacritic: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut Diacritic - Use Of The Diacritic For Special Effects
The umlaut diacritic can be used in "sensational spellings", for example in advertising, or for other special effects. As the German shor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diacritic: Encyclopedia Ii - Diacritic - Generation With Computers
Modern computer technology was developed mostly in the English speaking countries, so data formats, keyboard layouts, etc. were developed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut Diacritic: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut Diacritic - Time Derivatives In Mathematics
The derivative with respect to time is often represented as a dot above a variable. Two dots represents the second derivative. This...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut Diacritic: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut Diacritic - Printing Conventions In German
When typing German, if umlaut letters are not available, the proper way is to replace them with the underlying vowel and a following <...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acute Accent: Encyclopedia Ii - Acute Accent - Palatalization
In Polish, the acute accent is used over several letters - four consonants and one vowel. Over the consonants, it is used to indicate pal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Time Signature: Encyclopedia Ii - Time Signature - Stress And Meter
For all meters, the first beat (the "downbeat") is stressed; in time signatures with four groups in the bar (such as 4/4 and 12/8), the t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Time Signature: Encyclopedia Ii - Time Signature - Variations
To indicate more complex patterns of stresses, such as additive rhythms, more complex time signatures can be used. For example, the signa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Time Signature: Encyclopedia Ii - Time Signature - Irregular Meter Time Signatures
These include signatures whose upper notes are 5, 7, or numbers other than those discussed above. Also called asymmetric meters. Although...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Time Signature: Encyclopedia Ii - Time Signature - Early Music Usage
Time signature - Mensural time signatures. In the 13th through 16th centuries, a period in which mensural notation was used, there were...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Musical Notation: Encyclopedia Ii - Musical Notation - Standard Notation Described
Musical notation - Elements of the staff. A staff (in British English, also stave) is generally presented with a clef, which indicates ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Musical Notation: Encyclopedia Ii - Musical Notation - Origins
There is some evidence that a kind of musical notation was practiced by the Egyptians from the 3rd millennium BC and by others in the Ori...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renaissance Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Renaissance Music - Late Renaissance Music 1534 - 1600
In Venice, from about 1534 until around 1600, an impressive polychoral style developed, which gave Europe some of the grandest, most sono...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Renaissance Music: Encyclopedia Ii - Renaissance Music - Middle Renaissance Music 1467 - 1534
Towards the end of the 15th century, polyphonic sacred music (as exemplified in the masses of Johannes Ockeghem and Jacob Obrecht) had on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Time Signature: Encyclopedia Ii - Time Signature - Irregular Meter Time Signatures
These include signatures whose upper notes are 5, 7, or numbers other than those discussed above. Also called asymmetric meters. Although...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diaeresis: Encyclopedia Ii - Diaeresis - Time Derivatives In Mathematics
The derivative with respect to time is often represented as a dot above a variable. Two dots represents the second derivative. This...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Double Acute Accent: Encyclopedia Ii - Double Acute Accent - Other Uses
The double acute accent is also used in south Slavic phonetic alphabets as used by linguists to show a certain kind of tone. It is not us...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Double Acute Accent: Encyclopedia Ii - Double Acute Accent - Technical Notes
O and U with double acute accents are supported in the ISO 8859-2 and UTF-8 codepages. All occurencies of "double acute" in the Unicode 4...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cedilla: Encyclopedia Ii - Cedilla - Other Diacritical Marks Confused With The Cedilla
The Romanian Ș (ș) also represents /ʃ/ (as in show) and seemingly resembles the Turkish s cedilla, but it is actually a comma (Virgula...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cedilla: Encyclopedia Ii - Cedilla - Use Of The Cedilla With The Letter S
Another use of the cedilla is called the s-cedilla, ş, represents /ʃ/ (as in show) in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Tatar, Turkmen, and Kurdish....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caron: Encyclopedia Ii - Caron - Other Uses
The caron is also used in Mandarin Chinese pinyin romanization and orthographies of several other tonal languages to indicate the "fallin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ŭ: Encyclopedia Ii - Ŭ - Belarusian
The Belarusian language was normally written with the Łacinka alphabet from the 16th to late 19th centuries. Its use has been slowly ree...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cyrillic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Cyrillic Alphabet - Origins
The plan of the alphabet is derived from the early Cyrillic alphabet, itself a derivative of the Glagolitic alphabet, a ninth century unc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diaeresis: Encyclopedia Ii - Diaeresis - Similar Looks Different Functions
Diaeresis - Umlaut. The same diacritic mark is used for a different purpose in German: in this language it marks a variation in the pro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diaeresis: Encyclopedia Ii - Diaeresis - Diaeresis In Cyrillic
Diaeresis was used in the early Cyrillic alphabet which was used to write Old Church Slavonic. The modern Cyrillic Belarusian and Russian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cyrillic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Cyrillic Alphabet - Cyrillic In Unicode
Main article: Cyrillic characters in Unicode. In Unicode, the Cyrillic block extends from U+0400 to U+052F. The characters in the range U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cyrillic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Cyrillic Alphabet - Romanization
There are various systems for Romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration to convey Cyrillic spelling in Latin characters, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cyrillic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Cyrillic Alphabet - Letter-forms And Typography
The development of Cyrillic typography passed directly from the medieval stage to the late Baroque, without a Renaissance phase as in Wes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caron: Encyclopedia Ii - Caron - Writing And Printing Carons
In printed text, the caron combined with some particular letters is reduced to a small line (as in ť, ď, ľ, Ľ). This only rarely happ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caron: Encyclopedia Ii - Caron - Usage
The use of the caron (and the acute accent) for Latin characters was introduced into the Czech language in the 15th century by Jan Hus in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pinyin: Encyclopedia Ii - Pinyin - Miscellanea
An umlaut is placed over the letter u when it occurs after the initials l and n in order to represent the sound [y]. This is necessary in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pinyin: Encyclopedia Ii - Pinyin - Pinyin In Taiwan
The Republic of China on Taiwan adopted Tongyong Pinyin, a modified version of Hanyu Pinyin, on the national level in October 2002. The a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pinyin: Encyclopedia Ii - Pinyin - Orthographic Features
Pinyin differs from other romanizations in several aspects, such as: w is placed before syllables starting with u. y is placed before sy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pinyin: Encyclopedia Ii - Pinyin - Rules Given In Terms Of English Pronunciation
All rules given here in terms of English pronunciation are approximate. Pinyin - Pronunciation of initials. Pinyin - Pronunciation of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pinyin: Encyclopedia Ii - Pinyin - Pronunciation
The primary purpose of pinyin in Chinese schools is to teach Mandarin pronunciation. Many in the West are under the mistaken belief that ...   » Read the article