Junker

The Weimar Republic's catastrophic collapse is the subject of continued debate. Although Hitler became Reichskanzler legally through mechanisms set forth in the constitution and the NSDAP gained a relative majority of the seats in Parliament in two 1932 elections, he was appointed chancellor at a time when support for the NSDAP was not considered sufficient to gain power. Scholars have expressed divided opinions on the reasons and historical analysis this was complicated by the Cold War, when historians often attempted to justify ideo ...

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Weimar Republic, Weimar Republic - Controlled revolution: the establishment of the Republic 1918–1919, Weimar Republic - The Reichswehr and the Revolution, Weimar Republic - The socialist roots of Weimar, Weimar Republic - The early years: internal conflict 1919–1923, Weimar Republic - Stresemann's Golden Era 1923–1929, Weimar Republic - The Republic crumbles and Hitler's support rises 1930–1932, Weimar Republic - Loss of credibility for the Republic, Weimar Republic - Franz von Papen calls for elections, Weimar Republic - November and 'Socialist General' Schleicher, Weimar Republic - Hitler's chancellorship and the death of the Weimar Republic 1933, Weimar Republic - Reichstag Fire, Weimar Republic - Reichstag election of March 5, Weimar Republic - Hitler cabinet meeting in mid-March, Weimar Republic - Enabling Act negotiations, Weimar Republic - Ceremonial opening of the Reichstag in Potsdam on March 21, Weimar Republic - Passage of the Enabling Act by the Reichstag on March 23, Weimar Republic - Aftermath, Weimar Republic - Reasons for the Weimar Republic's failure, Weimar Republic - Economic problems, Weimar Republic - Institutional problems, Weimar Republic - Individual roles, Weimar Republic - Other roles, Weimar Republic - Reference

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Writers John Cornwell and Ian Kershaw are amongst the modern commentators who have studied the role of Ludwig Kaas and his alliance to Pope Pius XII. As regards the Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates and Franz von Papen, the Nuremburg Trials studied the era from January 30 1933, and came to the conclusion that it would not be an indictable offence to have assisted Adolf Hitler and the NSDAP to power. ...

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Weimar Republic, Weimar Republic - Controlled revolution: the establishment of the Republic 1918–1919, Weimar Republic - The Reichswehr and the Revolution, Weimar Republic - The socialist roots of Weimar, Weimar Republic - The early years: internal conflict 1919–1923, Weimar Republic - Stresemann's Golden Era 1923–1929, Weimar Republic - The Republic crumbles and Hitler's support rises 1930–1932, Weimar Republic - Loss of credibility for the Republic, Weimar Republic - Franz von Papen calls for elections, Weimar Republic - November and 'Socialist General' Schleicher, Weimar Republic - Hitler's chancellorship and the death of the Weimar Republic 1933, Weimar Republic - Reichstag Fire, Weimar Republic - Reichstag election of March 5, Weimar Republic - Hitler cabinet meeting in mid-March, Weimar Republic - Enabling Act negotiations, Weimar Republic - Ceremonial opening of the Reichstag in Potsdam on March 21, Weimar Republic - Passage of the Enabling Act by the Reichstag on March 23, Weimar Republic - Aftermath, Weimar Republic - Reasons for the Weimar Republic's failure, Weimar Republic - Economic problems, Weimar Republic - Institutional problems, Weimar Republic - Individual roles, Weimar Republic - Other roles, Weimar Republic - Reference

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The Right Embankment of the Mtkvari River at Night Abanot-Ubani District Ananuri Fortress, 25 miles north of Tbilisi Kashveti Church in Central Tbilisi Svanetian Tower overlooking Turtle Lake The Historic Dry Bridge District looking towards the Right Embankment The grounds of the National Public Library of Georgia Tbilisi's largest park Vake, with the foothills o ...

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Tbilisi, Tbilisi - History, Tbilisi - Early History, Tbilisi - Tbilisi Turns into a Capital, Tbilisi - Foreign Domination, Tbilisi - Tbilisi as the Capital of a Unified Georgian State and the Georgian Renaissance, Tbilisi - Mongol Domination and the following Period of Instability, Tbilisi - Tbilisi Under Russian Control, Tbilisi - Independence: 1918–1921, Tbilisi - Under Communist Rule, Tbilisi - After the Break-Up of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi - Geography, Tbilisi - Climate, Tbilisi - People and culture, Tbilisi - Demographics, Tbilisi - Religion, Tbilisi - Architecture, Tbilisi - Periodic events, Tbilisi - Landmarks, Tbilisi - Miscellaneous, Tbilisi - Pronunciation, Tbilisi - Education, Tbilisi - Sister cities, Tbilisi - Notable people, Tbilisi - Photo Tour

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Weimar Republic - Loss of credibility for the Republic. The last years of the Weimar republic were stamped by even more political instability than in the previous years and the administrations of Chancellors Brüning, Papen, Schleicher and Hitler (from 30 January to 23 March 1933) were all Presidentially appointed Dictatorships. On March 29, 1930, the finance expert Heinrich Brüning had been appointed the successor of Chancellor Müller by Paul von Hindenburg after months of political lobbying by General Kurt vo ...

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Weimar Republic, Weimar Republic - Controlled revolution: the establishment of the Republic 1918–1919, Weimar Republic - The Reichswehr and the Revolution, Weimar Republic - The socialist roots of Weimar, Weimar Republic - The early years: internal conflict 1919–1923, Weimar Republic - Stresemann's Golden Era 1923–1929, Weimar Republic - The Republic crumbles and Hitler's support rises 1930–1932, Weimar Republic - Loss of credibility for the Republic, Weimar Republic - Franz von Papen calls for elections, Weimar Republic - November and 'Socialist General' Schleicher, Weimar Republic - Hitler's chancellorship and the death of the Weimar Republic 1933, Weimar Republic - Reichstag Fire, Weimar Republic - Reichstag election of March 5, Weimar Republic - Hitler cabinet meeting in mid-March, Weimar Republic - Enabling Act negotiations, Weimar Republic - Ceremonial opening of the Reichstag in Potsdam on March 21, Weimar Republic - Passage of the Enabling Act by the Reichstag on March 23, Weimar Republic - Aftermath, Weimar Republic - Reasons for the Weimar Republic's failure, Weimar Republic - Economic problems, Weimar Republic - Institutional problems, Weimar Republic - Individual roles, Weimar Republic - Other roles, Weimar Republic - Reference

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Gustav Stresemann was Reichskanzler for a brief period in 1923, and served as Foreign Minister from 1923-1929, a period of relative stability for the Weimar Republic when there were fewer uprisings and seemingly the beginnings of an economic recovery. Stresemann's first move was to issue a new currency, the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann repeatedly refused to issue more currency, the initial cause of the inflationary spiral. To ...

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Weimar Republic, Weimar Republic - Controlled revolution: the establishment of the Republic 1918–1919, Weimar Republic - The Reichswehr and the Revolution, Weimar Republic - The socialist roots of Weimar, Weimar Republic - The early years: internal conflict 1919–1923, Weimar Republic - Stresemann's Golden Era 1923–1929, Weimar Republic - The Republic crumbles and Hitler's support rises 1930–1932, Weimar Republic - Loss of credibility for the Republic, Weimar Republic - Franz von Papen calls for elections, Weimar Republic - November and 'Socialist General' Schleicher, Weimar Republic - Hitler's chancellorship and the death of the Weimar Republic 1933, Weimar Republic - Reichstag Fire, Weimar Republic - Reichstag election of March 5, Weimar Republic - Hitler cabinet meeting in mid-March, Weimar Republic - Enabling Act negotiations, Weimar Republic - Ceremonial opening of the Reichstag in Potsdam on March 21, Weimar Republic - Passage of the Enabling Act by the Reichstag on March 23, Weimar Republic - Aftermath, Weimar Republic - Reasons for the Weimar Republic's failure, Weimar Republic - Economic problems, Weimar Republic - Institutional problems, Weimar Republic - Individual roles, Weimar Republic - Other roles, Weimar Republic - Reference

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Jephson was sent on ahead to the lake with the Advance, took the boat up to Mswa, and met Emin on 27 April 1888. Emin brought his steamer to the south end of the lake, and there met Stanley on the 29th, who was surprised to find the figure of Emin to have "not a trace on it of ill-health or anxiety", and celebrated with three bottles of champagne that had been carried all the way up the Congo. Emin provided Stanley ...

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Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Anxiety about Equatoria, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Preparations, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Up the Congo, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Darkest Africa, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - With Emin, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Fate of the Rear Column, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - To the coast, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Aftermath, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Reference

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On 16 June, Stanley left the fort in search of the Rear Column; no word of them or from them had been received in a long time. Finally, on 17 August at Banalya, 90 miles upstream from Yambuya, Stanley found Bonny the sole European left in charge of the Column, along with a handful of starving carriers. Barttelot had been shot in a dispute, Jameson was at Bangala dying of a fever, Troup had been invalided home, and Herbert Ward had gone back down the Congo a second time to telegraph the Relief Committee in London for further instructions (the ...

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Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Anxiety about Equatoria, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Preparations, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Up the Congo, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Darkest Africa, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - With Emin, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Fate of the Rear Column, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - To the coast, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Aftermath, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Reference

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Tbilisi - Demographics. Tbilisi is a multicultural city. The city is home to more than 100 different ethnic groups. Around 80% of the population is ethnically Georgian, with significant populations of other ethnic groups which includes Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. Along with the abovementioned groups, Tbilisi is also home to various other ethnicities including Ossetians, Abkhazians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Jews, Estonians, Germans, Kurds, and others.

Tbilisi, Tbilisi - History, Tbilisi - Early History, Tbilisi - Tbilisi Turns into a Capital, Tbilisi - Foreign Domination, Tbilisi - Tbilisi as the Capital of a Unified Georgian State and the Georgian Renaissance, Tbilisi - Mongol Domination and the following Period of Instability, Tbilisi - Tbilisi Under Russian Control, Tbilisi - Independence: 1918–1921, Tbilisi - Under Communist Rule, Tbilisi - After the Break-Up of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi - Geography, Tbilisi - Climate, Tbilisi - People and culture, Tbilisi - Demographics, Tbilisi - Religion, Tbilisi - Architecture, Tbilisi - Periodic events, Tbilisi - Landmarks, Tbilisi - Miscellaneous, Tbilisi - Pronunciation, Tbilisi - Education, Tbilisi - Sister cities, Tbilisi - Notable people, Tbilisi - Photo Tour

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The Republic was under great pressure from both left and right-wing extremists. The left accused the ruling Social Democrats of having betrayed the ideals of the workers' movement by avoiding a communist revolution. The right was opposed to any democratic system, preferring an authoritarian state like the 1871 Empire. To further undermine the Republic's credibility the right (especially the milit ...

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Weimar Republic, Weimar Republic - Controlled revolution: the establishment of the Republic 1918–1919, Weimar Republic - The Reichswehr and the Revolution, Weimar Republic - The socialist roots of Weimar, Weimar Republic - The early years: internal conflict 1919–1923, Weimar Republic - Stresemann's Golden Era 1923–1929, Weimar Republic - The Republic crumbles and Hitler's support rises 1930–1932, Weimar Republic - Loss of credibility for the Republic, Weimar Republic - Franz von Papen calls for elections, Weimar Republic - November and 'Socialist General' Schleicher, Weimar Republic - Hitler's chancellorship and the death of the Weimar Republic 1933, Weimar Republic - Reichstag Fire, Weimar Republic - Reichstag election of March 5, Weimar Republic - Hitler cabinet meeting in mid-March, Weimar Republic - Enabling Act negotiations, Weimar Republic - Ceremonial opening of the Reichstag in Potsdam on March 21, Weimar Republic - Passage of the Enabling Act by the Reichstag on March 23, Weimar Republic - Aftermath, Weimar Republic - Reasons for the Weimar Republic's failure, Weimar Republic - Economic problems, Weimar Republic - Institutional problems, Weimar Republic - Individual roles, Weimar Republic - Other roles, Weimar Republic - Reference

Read more here: » Weimar Republic: Encyclopedia II - Weimar Republic - The early years: internal conflict 1919–1923

Stanley, however, insisted on speed, and left for Lake Albert on 28 June. Originally expecting to take two months, the Advance Column was unprepared for the extreme difficulties of travel through the Ituri forest and did not reach the lake until December; only 169 of the 389 who set out from Yambuya were still alive. The trees of the forest were so tall and dense that little light reached the floor (thus the phrase "darkest Africa"), food was scarcely to be found, and the local Pygmies took the expedition for an Arab raiding party, shooting ...

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Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Anxiety about Equatoria, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Preparations, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Up the Congo, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Darkest Africa, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - With Emin, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Fate of the Rear Column, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - To the coast, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Aftermath, Emin Pasha Relief Expedition - Reference

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Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor on the morning of January 30, 1933 in what some observers later described as a brief and indifferent ceremony. By early February, a mere week after Hitler's assumption of the chancellorship, the government had begun to clamp down on the opposition. Meetings of the left-wing parties were banned, and even some of the moderate parties found their members threatened and assaulted. Measures with an appearance of legality suppressed the Communist Party in mid-February and included the plainly illegal ...

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Weimar Republic, Weimar Republic - Controlled revolution: the establishment of the Republic 1918-1919, Weimar Republic - The Reichswehr and the Revolution, Weimar Republic - The socialist roots of Weimar, Weimar Republic - The early years: internal conflict 1919-1923, Weimar Republic - Stresemann's Golden Era 1923-1929, Weimar Republic - The Republic crumbles and Hitler's support rises 1930-1932, Weimar Republic - Loss of credibility for the Republic, Weimar Republic - Franz von Papen calls for elections, Weimar Republic - November and 'Socialist General' Schleicher, Weimar Republic - Hitler's chancellorship and the death of the Weimar Republic 1933, Weimar Republic - Reichstag Fire, Weimar Republic - Reichstag election of March 5, Weimar Republic - Hitler cabinet meeting in mid-March, Weimar Republic - Enabling Act negotiations, Weimar Republic - Ceremonial opening of the Reichstag in Potsdam on March 21, Weimar Republic - Passage of the Enabling Act by the Reichstag on March 23, Weimar Republic - Aftermath, Weimar Republic - Reasons for the Weimar Republic's failure, Weimar Republic - Economic problems, Weimar Republic - Institutional problems, Weimar Republic - Individual roles, Weimar Republic - Other roles, Weimar Republic - Reference

Read more here: » Weimar Republic: Encyclopedia II - Weimar Republic - Hitler's chancellorship and the death of the Weimar Republic 1933

History of the German Democratic Republic - Coffee crisis 1976–79. Due to the strong German tradition of drinking coffee, coffee imports were one of the most important for consumers. A massive rise in coffee prices in 1976/77 (leading to a quadrupling of the annual costs in hard currency of importing coffee, compared to 1972-75) caused severe financial problems for the GDR, perennially lacking enough hard currency. As a result, in the summer of 1977 the Politburo withdrew most cheaper brands of coffee from sale ...

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History of the German Democratic Republic, History of the German Democratic Republic - Creation 1945-1949, History of the German Democratic Republic - Division of Germany, History of the German Democratic Republic - Early years 1949–54, History of the German Democratic Republic - SED as leading party, History of the German Democratic Republic - June 17 1953, History of the German Democratic Republic - Economic policy 1956–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Collectivization and nationalization of agriculture and industry 1956–63, History of the German Democratic Republic - New Economic System 1963–70, History of the German Democratic Republic - The Main Task, History of the German Democratic Republic - Foreign policy 1967–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Ulbricht Versus Détente, History of the German Democratic Republic - Honecker and East-West Rapprochement, History of the German Democratic Republic - Two Germanies, History of the German Democratic Republic - Domestic policy 1970s, History of the German Democratic Republic - GDR identity, History of the German Democratic Republic - Dissidents, History of the German Democratic Republic - 10th Party Congress 1981, History of the German Democratic Republic - Decline and Fall of the GDR 1975–89, History of the German Democratic Republic - Coffee crisis 1976–79, History of the German Democratic Republic - Developing international debt crisis, History of the German Democratic Republic - Regime collapse 1989, History of the German Democratic Republic - Financial situation in 1990

Read more here: » History of the German Democratic Republic: Encyclopedia II - History of the German Democratic Republic - Decline and Fall of the GDR 1975–89

Words in this category will be recognized by most English speakers and are commonly used in English. A few, such as delicatessen and hinterland, are often used without awareness that they are originally German. It should be noted that some words in this list (hamburger, kindergarten) are more common than others (ersatz, wanderlust). List of German expressions in English - Food and drink. Beergarden (German spelling: Biergarten) Bratwurst ...

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List of German expressions in English, List of German expressions in English - German terms commonly used in English, List of German expressions in English - Food and drink, List of German expressions in English - Sports and recreation, List of German expressions in English - Other aspects of everyday life, List of German expressions in English - German terms commonly used in academic contexts in English, List of German expressions in English - Academia, List of German expressions in English - Architecture, List of German expressions in English - Economics, List of German expressions in English - Geography, List of German expressions in English - Geology, List of German expressions in English - History, List of German expressions in English - Linguistics, List of German expressions in English - Literature, List of German expressions in English - Mathematics and formal logic, List of German expressions in English - Medicine, List of German expressions in English - Music, List of German expressions in English - Philosophy, List of German expressions in English - Physical sciences, List of German expressions in English - Psychology, List of German expressions in English - Sociology, List of German expressions in English - German terms mostly used for literary effect, List of German expressions in English - German terms rarely used in English, List of German expressions in English - Music, List of German expressions in English - Meanings of German band names, List of German expressions in English - Classical Music Works

Read more here: » List of German expressions in English: Encyclopedia II - List of German expressions in English - German terms commonly used in English

For terms used in music, see above. List of German expressions in English - Meanings of German band names. Böhse Onkelz = (correct German spelling: böse Onkels, although it should be noted that "Onkels" is itself an incorrect plural form of "Onkel", the correct plural being "Onkel" without the s) "evil uncles," a term used in German as a euphemism for child molesters. The wrong spelling is done to "harden" its appearance (h in this context amplifies the ö; z is pronounced ts i ...

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List of German expressions in English, List of German expressions in English - German terms commonly used in English, List of German expressions in English - Food and drink, List of German expressions in English - Sports and recreation, List of German expressions in English - Other aspects of everyday life, List of German expressions in English - German terms commonly used in academic contexts in English, List of German expressions in English - Academia, List of German expressions in English - Architecture, List of German expressions in English - Economics, List of German expressions in English - Geography, List of German expressions in English - Geology, List of German expressions in English - History, List of German expressions in English - Linguistics, List of German expressions in English - Literature, List of German expressions in English - Mathematics and formal logic, List of German expressions in English - Medicine, List of German expressions in English - Music, List of German expressions in English - Philosophy, List of German expressions in English - Physical sciences, List of German expressions in English - Psychology, List of German expressions in English - Sociology, List of German expressions in English - German terms mostly used for literary effect, List of German expressions in English - German terms rarely used in English, List of German expressions in English - Music, List of German expressions in English - Meanings of German band names, List of German expressions in English - Classical Music Works

Read more here: » List of German expressions in English: Encyclopedia II - List of German expressions in English - Music

Hindenburg was born in what was then Posen (now Poznań) on Podgorna street (Podgorna street in Poznan, Poland), located in the Kingdom of Prussia, as the son of the Prussian aristocrat Robert von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg and his wife Luise (born Schwickart). Hindenburg was embarrassed by his mother’s non-aristocratic background, and for this reason hardly mentions her at all in his memoirs. After his education at the Wahlstatt and Berlin cadet schools, he fought at the 1866 Battle of Königgrätz and in the 1870-1871 Franco ...

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Paul von Hindenburg, Paul von Hindenburg - German army, Paul von Hindenburg - Aftermath of the war, Paul von Hindenburg - Presidency, Paul von Hindenburg - January 1932-January 1933: A Year of Decisions, Paul von Hindenburg - The Machtergreifung, Paul von Hindenburg - Conclusion, Paul von Hindenburg - Endnotes, Paul von Hindenburg - Sources

Read more here: » Paul von Hindenburg: Encyclopedia II - Paul von Hindenburg - German army

The 10th Party Congress, which took place in April 1981, focused on improving the economy, stabilizing the socialist system, achieving success in foreign policy, and strengthening relations with West Germany. Presenting the SED as the leading power in all areas of East German society, General Secretary (the title changed from First Secretary in 1976) Honecker emphasized the importance of educating loyal cadres in order to secure the party's position. He announced that more than one-third of all party members and candidates and nearly two-thi ...

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History of the German Democratic Republic, History of the German Democratic Republic - Creation 1945-1949, History of the German Democratic Republic - Division of Germany, History of the German Democratic Republic - Early years 1949–54, History of the German Democratic Republic - SED as leading party, History of the German Democratic Republic - June 17 1953, History of the German Democratic Republic - Economic policy 1956–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Collectivization and nationalization of agriculture and industry 1956–63, History of the German Democratic Republic - New Economic System 1963–70, History of the German Democratic Republic - The Main Task, History of the German Democratic Republic - Foreign policy 1967–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Ulbricht Versus Détente, History of the German Democratic Republic - Honecker and East-West Rapprochement, History of the German Democratic Republic - Two Germanies, History of the German Democratic Republic - Domestic policy 1970s, History of the German Democratic Republic - GDR identity, History of the German Democratic Republic - Dissidents, History of the German Democratic Republic - 10th Party Congress 1981, History of the German Democratic Republic - Decline and Fall of the GDR 1975–89, History of the German Democratic Republic - Coffee crisis 1976–79, History of the German Democratic Republic - Developing international debt crisis, History of the German Democratic Republic - Regime collapse 1989, History of the German Democratic Republic - Financial situation in 1990

Read more here: » History of the German Democratic Republic: Encyclopedia II - History of the German Democratic Republic - 10th Party Congress 1981

History of the German Democratic Republic - GDR identity. Both Germanies continued a search for national identity. From the beginning, the newly formed GDR tried to establish its own separate identity. Because of Marx's abhorrence of Prussia, the SED repudiated continuity between Prussia and the GDR. In an attempt to obliterate the GDR's Prussian heritage, the SED destroyed the Junker manor houses and the wrecked Berlin city palace and removed the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great from East Berlin. Instead ...

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History of the German Democratic Republic, History of the German Democratic Republic - Creation 1945-1949, History of the German Democratic Republic - Division of Germany, History of the German Democratic Republic - Early years 1949–54, History of the German Democratic Republic - SED as leading party, History of the German Democratic Republic - June 17 1953, History of the German Democratic Republic - Economic policy 1956–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Collectivization and nationalization of agriculture and industry 1956–63, History of the German Democratic Republic - New Economic System 1963–70, History of the German Democratic Republic - The Main Task, History of the German Democratic Republic - Foreign policy 1967–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Ulbricht Versus Détente, History of the German Democratic Republic - Honecker and East-West Rapprochement, History of the German Democratic Republic - Two Germanies, History of the German Democratic Republic - Domestic policy 1970s, History of the German Democratic Republic - GDR identity, History of the German Democratic Republic - Dissidents, History of the German Democratic Republic - 10th Party Congress 1981, History of the German Democratic Republic - Decline and Fall of the GDR 1975–89, History of the German Democratic Republic - Coffee crisis 1976–79, History of the German Democratic Republic - Developing international debt crisis, History of the German Democratic Republic - Regime collapse 1989, History of the German Democratic Republic - Financial situation in 1990

Read more here: » History of the German Democratic Republic: Encyclopedia II - History of the German Democratic Republic - Domestic policy 1970s

History of the German Democratic Republic - SED as leading party. The SED controlled the National Front coalition, a federation of all political parties and mass organizations that preserved political pluralism. The 1949 constitution formally established a democratic federal republic and created the States Chamber and the Volkskammer (People's Chamber). The Volkskammer, according to the constitution the highest state body, was vested with legislative sovereignty. The SED controlled the Council of Ministers ...

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History of the German Democratic Republic, History of the German Democratic Republic - Creation 1945-1949, History of the German Democratic Republic - Division of Germany, History of the German Democratic Republic - Early years 1949–54, History of the German Democratic Republic - SED as leading party, History of the German Democratic Republic - June 17 1953, History of the German Democratic Republic - Economic policy 1956–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Collectivization and nationalization of agriculture and industry 1956–63, History of the German Democratic Republic - New Economic System 1963–70, History of the German Democratic Republic - The Main Task, History of the German Democratic Republic - Foreign policy 1967–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Ulbricht Versus Détente, History of the German Democratic Republic - Honecker and East-West Rapprochement, History of the German Democratic Republic - Two Germanies, History of the German Democratic Republic - Domestic policy 1970s, History of the German Democratic Republic - GDR identity, History of the German Democratic Republic - Dissidents, History of the German Democratic Republic - 10th Party Congress 1981, History of the German Democratic Republic - Decline and Fall of the GDR 1975–89, History of the German Democratic Republic - Coffee crisis 1976–79, History of the German Democratic Republic - Developing international debt crisis, History of the German Democratic Republic - Regime collapse 1989, History of the German Democratic Republic - Financial situation in 1990

Read more here: » History of the German Democratic Republic: Encyclopedia II - History of the German Democratic Republic - Early years 1949–54

History of the German Democratic Republic - Collectivization and nationalization of agriculture and industry 1956–63. In 1956, at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev repudiated Stalinism. Around this time, an academic intelligentsia within the SED leadership demanded reform. To this end, Wolfgang Harich issued a platform advocating radical changes in East Germany. In ...

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History of the German Democratic Republic, History of the German Democratic Republic - Creation 1945-1949, History of the German Democratic Republic - Division of Germany, History of the German Democratic Republic - Early years 1949–54, History of the German Democratic Republic - SED as leading party, History of the German Democratic Republic - June 17 1953, History of the German Democratic Republic - Economic policy 1956–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Collectivization and nationalization of agriculture and industry 1956–63, History of the German Democratic Republic - New Economic System 1963–70, History of the German Democratic Republic - The Main Task, History of the German Democratic Republic - Foreign policy 1967–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Ulbricht Versus Détente, History of the German Democratic Republic - Honecker and East-West Rapprochement, History of the German Democratic Republic - Two Germanies, History of the German Democratic Republic - Domestic policy 1970s, History of the German Democratic Republic - GDR identity, History of the German Democratic Republic - Dissidents, History of the German Democratic Republic - 10th Party Congress 1981, History of the German Democratic Republic - Decline and Fall of the GDR 1975–89, History of the German Democratic Republic - Coffee crisis 1976–79, History of the German Democratic Republic - Developing international debt crisis, History of the German Democratic Republic - Regime collapse 1989, History of the German Democratic Republic - Financial situation in 1990

Read more here: » History of the German Democratic Republic: Encyclopedia II - History of the German Democratic Republic - Economic policy 1956–75

History of the German Democratic Republic - Ulbricht Versus Détente. Ulbricht's foreign policy from 1967 to 1971 responded to the beginning of the era of détente with the West. Although détente offered East Germany the opportunity to overcome its isolation in foreign policy and to gain Western recognition as a sovereign state, the SED leader was reluctant to pursue a policy of rapprochement with West Germany. Both Germanies had retained the goal of future unification; however, both remained committed to their ...

See also:

History of the German Democratic Republic, History of the German Democratic Republic - Creation 1945-1949, History of the German Democratic Republic - Division of Germany, History of the German Democratic Republic - Early years 1949–54, History of the German Democratic Republic - SED as leading party, History of the German Democratic Republic - June 17 1953, History of the German Democratic Republic - Economic policy 1956–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Collectivization and nationalization of agriculture and industry 1956–63, History of the German Democratic Republic - New Economic System 1963–70, History of the German Democratic Republic - The Main Task, History of the German Democratic Republic - Foreign policy 1967–75, History of the German Democratic Republic - Ulbricht Versus Détente, History of the German Democratic Republic - Honecker and East-West Rapprochement, History of the German Democratic Republic - Two Germanies, History of the German Democratic Republic - Domestic policy 1970s, History of the German Democratic Republic - GDR identity, History of the German Democratic Republic - Dissidents, History of the German Democratic Republic - 10th Party Congress 1981, History of the German Democratic Republic - Decline and Fall of the GDR 1975–89, History of the German Democratic Republic - Coffee crisis 1976–79, History of the German Democratic Republic - Developing international debt crisis, History of the German Democratic Republic - Regime collapse 1989, History of the German Democratic Republic - Financial situation in 1990

Read more here: » History of the German Democratic Republic: Encyclopedia II - History of the German Democratic Republic - Foreign policy 1967–75

Tbilisi is located in Eastern Georgia within the Tbilisi Depression along both banks of the Kura (Mtkvari) River. The elevation of the city ranges from 380-600 meters above sea level (1246-1968 feet). To the north, Tbilisi is bounded by the Saguramo Range, to the east and south-east by the Iori Plain, to the south and west by various endings (sub-ranges) of the Trialeti Range. The relief of Tbilisi is quite complex. The part of the city which lies on the left bank of the Mtkvari (Kura) River extends for more than 30km (19 miles) from ...

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Tbilisi, Tbilisi - History, Tbilisi - Early History, Tbilisi - Tbilisi Turns into a Capital, Tbilisi - Foreign Domination, Tbilisi - Tbilisi as the Capital of a Unified Georgian State and the Georgian Renaissance, Tbilisi - Mongol Domination and the following Period of Instability, Tbilisi - Tbilisi Under Russian Control, Tbilisi - Independence: 1918–1921, Tbilisi - Under Communist Rule, Tbilisi - After the Break-Up of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi - Geography, Tbilisi - Climate, Tbilisi - People and culture, Tbilisi - Demographics, Tbilisi - Religion, Tbilisi - Architecture, Tbilisi - Periodic events, Tbilisi - Landmarks, Tbilisi - Miscellaneous, Tbilisi - Pronunciation, Tbilisi - Education, Tbilisi - Sister cities, Tbilisi - Notable people, Tbilisi - Photo Tour

Read more here: » Tbilisi: Encyclopedia II - Tbilisi - Geography