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Multics | A Wisdom Archive on Multics | | Multics A selection of articles related to Multics | |
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multics, Multics, Multics - Novel ideas, Multics - Overview, Multics - Project history, Multics - Retrospective observations, Fernando J. Corbató, leader of the project while M.I.T. was involved, Jerome H. Saltzer, Jack B. Dennis, Peter J. Denning, Robert M. Graham, Victor A. Vyssotsky
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Multics | | | |  Multics: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Object systemsVarious object systems and models have been built on top of, alongside, or into Lisp, including:
Flavors, built at MIT
The Common Lisp Object System, CLOS (descended from Flavors)
KR (short for Knowledge Representation), a constraints-based object system developed to aid the writing of Garnet, a GUI library for Common Lisp
SageCLOS an Object Oriented Interface to AutoLISP invented by Ralph Gimenez.
CLOS features multiple inheritance, multiple dispatch ("multimethods"), and a powerful system of "method combinations". In fact, Common Lisp, which includes CLOS, was the f ...
See also:Lisp programming language, Lisp programming language - The invention of Lisp: 1958-1962, Lisp programming language - Curiosities of the early history, Lisp programming language - Lisp and AI, Lisp programming language - Lisp today, Lisp programming language - Language innovations, Lisp programming language - Syntax and semantics, Lisp programming language - Lambda expressions, Lisp programming language - Conses and lists, Lisp programming language - Self-evaluating forms and quoting, Lisp programming language - Scope and closure, Lisp programming language - List structure of program code, Lisp programming language - Evaluation and the Read-Eval-Print Loop, Lisp programming language - Control structures, Lisp programming language - Examples, Lisp programming language - Object systems, Lisp programming language - Genealogy and variants, Lisp programming language - Major modern dialects, Lisp programming language - Historically significant dialects, Lisp programming language - Minor dialects, Lisp programming language - Miscellaneous implementations, Lisp programming language - Related languages, Lisp programming language - Quotations Read more here: » Lisp programming language: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Object systems |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - History of the Internet - TCP/IP becomes worldwide
History of the Internet - CERN the European internet the link to the Pacific and beyond.
In 1984 the move in Europe towards more widespread use of TCP/IP started, and CERNET was converted over to using it. The TCP/IP CERNET remained isolated from the rest of the Internet, forming a small internal internet.
In 1988 Daniel Karrenberg, from the Amsterdam Mathematics Centre, visited Ben Segal, CERN's TCP/IP Coordinator; looking for advice about the transition of the European side of the UUCP Usenet network (mu ...
See also:History of the Internet, History of the Internet - Before the Internet, History of the Internet - A Lack of inter-networking, History of the Internet - Three terminals and an ARPA, History of the Internet - Switched packets, History of the Internet - The networks that would lead to the Internet, History of the Internet - ARPANET, History of the Internet - X.25 and public access, History of the Internet - UUCP, History of the Internet - Merging the networks and creating the Internet, History of the Internet - TCP/IP, History of the Internet - ARPANET to NSFNet, History of the Internet - The transition towards an Internet, History of the Internet - TCP/IP becomes worldwide, History of the Internet - CERN the European internet the link to the Pacific and beyond, History of the Internet - A digital divide, History of the Internet - Opening the network to commerce, History of the Internet - Maintaining the infrastructure, History of the Internet - The IETF and a standard for standards, History of the Internet - NIC InterNIC IANA and ICANN, History of the Internet - Use and culture, History of the Internet - Email and Usenet—The growth of the text forum, History of the Internet - A world library—From gopher to the WWW, History of the Internet - Finding what you need—The search engine, History of the Internet - The dot-com bubble Read more here: » History of the Internet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Internet - TCP/IP becomes worldwide |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - History of the Internet - Opening the network to commerce The interest in commercial use of the Internet became a hotly debated topic. Although commercial use was forbidden, the exact definition of commercial use could be unclear and subjective. Everyone agreed that one company sending an invoice to another company was clearly commercial use, but anything less was up for debate. UUCPNet and the X.25 IPSS had no such restrictions, which would eventually see the official barring of UUCPNet use of ARPANET and NSFNet connections. Some UUCP links still remained connecting to the ...
See also:History of the Internet, History of the Internet - Before the Internet, History of the Internet - A Lack of inter-networking, History of the Internet - Three terminals and an ARPA, History of the Internet - Switched packets, History of the Internet - The networks that would lead to the Internet, History of the Internet - ARPANET, History of the Internet - X.25 and public access, History of the Internet - UUCP, History of the Internet - Merging the networks and creating the Internet, History of the Internet - TCP/IP, History of the Internet - ARPANET to NSFNet, History of the Internet - The transition towards an Internet, History of the Internet - TCP/IP becomes worldwide, History of the Internet - CERN the European internet the link to the Pacific and beyond, History of the Internet - A digital divide, History of the Internet - Opening the network to commerce, History of the Internet - Maintaining the infrastructure, History of the Internet - The IETF and a standard for standards, History of the Internet - NIC InterNIC IANA and ICANN, History of the Internet - Use and culture, History of the Internet - Email and Usenet—The growth of the text forum, History of the Internet - A world library—From gopher to the WWW, History of the Internet - Finding what you need—The search engine, History of the Internet - The dot-com bubble Read more here: » History of the Internet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Internet - Opening the network to commerce |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - History of the Internet - Merging the networks and creating the Internet
History of the Internet - TCP/IP.
Main article: Internet protocol suite
With so many different network methods, something needed to unify them. Robert E. Kahn of ARPA and ARPANET recruited Vint Cerf of Stanford University to work with him on the problem. By 1973, they had soon worked out a fundamental reformulation, where the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol, and instead of the network being responsible for reliability, as in the ...
See also:History of the Internet, History of the Internet - Before the Internet, History of the Internet - A Lack of inter-networking, History of the Internet - Three terminals and an ARPA, History of the Internet - Switched packets, History of the Internet - The networks that would lead to the Internet, History of the Internet - ARPANET, History of the Internet - X.25 and public access, History of the Internet - UUCP, History of the Internet - Merging the networks and creating the Internet, History of the Internet - TCP/IP, History of the Internet - ARPANET to NSFNet, History of the Internet - The transition towards an Internet, History of the Internet - TCP/IP becomes worldwide, History of the Internet - CERN the European internet the link to the Pacific and beyond, History of the Internet - A digital divide, History of the Internet - Opening the network to commerce, History of the Internet - Maintaining the infrastructure, History of the Internet - The IETF and a standard for standards, History of the Internet - NIC InterNIC IANA and ICANN, History of the Internet - Use and culture, History of the Internet - Email and Usenet—The growth of the text forum, History of the Internet - A world library—From gopher to the WWW, History of the Internet - Finding what you need—The search engine, History of the Internet - The dot-com bubble Read more here: » History of the Internet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Internet - Merging the networks and creating the Internet |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - History of the Internet - The networks that would lead to the Internet
History of the Internet - ARPANET.
Main article: ARPANET
Promoted to the head of the information processing office at ARPA, Robert Taylor intended to realize Licklider's ideas of an interconnected networking system. Bringing in Larry Roberts from M.I.T, he initiated a project to start such a network. The first ARPANET link was established on 21 November 1969, between the University of California, Los Angeles and The Stanford Research Institute. By 5 December 1969, a 4-node network was c ...
See also:History of the Internet, History of the Internet - Before the Internet, History of the Internet - A Lack of inter-networking, History of the Internet - Three terminals and an ARPA, History of the Internet - Switched packets, History of the Internet - The networks that would lead to the Internet, History of the Internet - ARPANET, History of the Internet - X.25 and public access, History of the Internet - UUCP, History of the Internet - Merging the networks and creating the Internet, History of the Internet - TCP/IP, History of the Internet - ARPANET to NSFNet, History of the Internet - The transition towards an Internet, History of the Internet - TCP/IP becomes worldwide, History of the Internet - CERN the European internet the link to the Pacific and beyond, History of the Internet - A digital divide, History of the Internet - Opening the network to commerce, History of the Internet - Maintaining the infrastructure, History of the Internet - The IETF and a standard for standards, History of the Internet - NIC InterNIC IANA and ICANN, History of the Internet - Use and culture, History of the Internet - Email and Usenet—The growth of the text forum, History of the Internet - A world library—From gopher to the WWW, History of the Internet - Finding what you need—The search engine, History of the Internet - The dot-com bubble Read more here: » History of the Internet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Internet - The networks that would lead to the Internet |
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| | | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - Newline - Representations Software applications and operating systems usually represent the newline with one or two control characters:
Systems based on ASCII or a compatible character set use either LF (Line Feed, 0x0A) or CR (Carriage Return, 0x0D) individually, or CR followed by LF (CR+LF, 0x0D 0x0A).
LF: Unix and Unix-like systems, Linux, AIX, Xenix, Mac OS X, BeOS, Amiga, RISC OS and others
CR+LF: C ...
See also:Newline, Newline - Representations, Newline - Unicode, Newline - History, Newline - Newline in programming languages, Newline - Common problems, Newline - Conversion utilities Read more here: » Newline: Encyclopedia II - Newline - Representations |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - History of the Internet - Maintaining the infrastructure
History of the Internet - The IETF and a standard for standards.
Main article: IETF
The Internet has developed a significant subculture dedicated to the idea that the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one person, company, group, or organization. Nevertheless, some standardization and control is necessary for anything to function.
The liberal RFC publication procedure engendered confusion about the Internet standardization process, and led to more formalization of officia ...
See also:History of the Internet, History of the Internet - Before the Internet, History of the Internet - A Lack of inter-networking, History of the Internet - Three terminals and an ARPA, History of the Internet - Switched packets, History of the Internet - The networks that would lead to the Internet, History of the Internet - ARPANET, History of the Internet - X.25 and public access, History of the Internet - UUCP, History of the Internet - Merging the networks and creating the Internet, History of the Internet - TCP/IP, History of the Internet - ARPANET to NSFNet, History of the Internet - The transition towards an Internet, History of the Internet - TCP/IP becomes worldwide, History of the Internet - CERN the European internet the link to the Pacific and beyond, History of the Internet - A digital divide, History of the Internet - Opening the network to commerce, History of the Internet - Maintaining the infrastructure, History of the Internet - The IETF and a standard for standards, History of the Internet - NIC InterNIC IANA and ICANN, History of the Internet - Use and culture, History of the Internet - Email and Usenet—The growth of the text forum, History of the Internet - A world library—From gopher to the WWW, History of the Internet - Finding what you need—The search engine, History of the Internet - The dot-com bubble Read more here: » History of the Internet: Encyclopedia II - History of the Internet - Maintaining the infrastructure |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - Telegraphy - E-mail starts to displace telegraphy E-mail was first invented for Multics in the late 1960s. At first, E-mail was only possible between different accounts on the same computer. UUCP allowed different computers to be connected to allow E-mails to be relayed from computer to computer. With the growth of the Internet, E-mail began to be possible between any two computers with access to the Internet.
Various private networks (UUNET, the Well, GEnie, DECNET) had E-mail from the 1970s, but subscriptions were quite expensive for an individual, $25 to $50 a month, just for E-ma ...
See also:Telegraphy, Telegraphy - Optical telegraphs and smoke signals, Telegraphy - Electrical telegraphs, Telegraphy - Radiotelegraphy, Telegraphy - Telegraphic improvements, Telegraphy - Telex, Telegraphy - TWX, Telegraphy - Arrival of the Internet, Telegraphy - E-mail starts to displace telegraphy, Telegraphy - Telegraphy as a legacy system Read more here: » Telegraphy: Encyclopedia II - Telegraphy - E-mail starts to displace telegraphy |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Language innovations The now-ubiquitous if-then-else structure, now taken for granted as an essential element of any programming language, was invented by McCarthy for use in Lisp, where it saw its first appearance in a more general form (the cond structure). It was inherited by Algol, which popularized it.
Lisp heavily influenced the inventor of Smalltalk, and in turn Lisp was influenced by Smalltalk, by adopting object-oriented ...
See also:Lisp programming language, Lisp programming language - The invention of Lisp: 1958-1962, Lisp programming language - Curiosities of the early history, Lisp programming language - Lisp and AI, Lisp programming language - Lisp today, Lisp programming language - Language innovations, Lisp programming language - Syntax and semantics, Lisp programming language - Lambda expressions, Lisp programming language - Conses and lists, Lisp programming language - Self-evaluating forms and quoting, Lisp programming language - Scope and closure, Lisp programming language - List structure of program code, Lisp programming language - Evaluation and the Read-Eval-Print Loop, Lisp programming language - Control structures, Lisp programming language - Examples, Lisp programming language - Object systems, Lisp programming language - Genealogy and variants, Lisp programming language - Major modern dialects, Lisp programming language - Historically significant dialects, Lisp programming language - Minor dialects, Lisp programming language - Miscellaneous implementations, Lisp programming language - Related languages, Lisp programming language - Quotations Read more here: » Lisp programming language: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Language innovations |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Examples Here are examples of Common Lisp code. While unlike Lisp programs used in industry, they are similar to Lisp as taught in computer science courses.
As the reader may have noticed from the above discussion, Lisp syntax lends itself naturally to recursion. Mathematical problems such as the enumeration of recursively-defined sets are simple to express in this notation.
Evaluate a number's factorial:
(defun factorial (n)
(if (<= n 1)
1
(* n (factorial (- n 1)))))
An alternative implementation, faster than the previous versi ...
See also:Lisp programming language, Lisp programming language - The invention of Lisp: 1958-1962, Lisp programming language - Curiosities of the early history, Lisp programming language - Lisp and AI, Lisp programming language - Lisp today, Lisp programming language - Language innovations, Lisp programming language - Syntax and semantics, Lisp programming language - Lambda expressions, Lisp programming language - Conses and lists, Lisp programming language - Self-evaluating forms and quoting, Lisp programming language - Scope and closure, Lisp programming language - List structure of program code, Lisp programming language - Evaluation and the Read-Eval-Print Loop, Lisp programming language - Control structures, Lisp programming language - Examples, Lisp programming language - Object systems, Lisp programming language - Genealogy and variants, Lisp programming language - Major modern dialects, Lisp programming language - Historically significant dialects, Lisp programming language - Minor dialects, Lisp programming language - Miscellaneous implementations, Lisp programming language - Related languages, Lisp programming language - Quotations Read more here: » Lisp programming language: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Examples |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Lisp today Having declined somewhat in the 1990s, Lisp has experienced a regrowth of interest since 2000. Most new activity is focused around open source implementations of Common Lisp, and includes the development of new portable libraries and applications. Tiobe Software, which ranks programming languages' popularity by measuring online discussions, ranks Lisp as the #14 programming language in January 2006. [2]
Many new Lisp programmers describe the writings of Paul Graham and Eric S. Raymond as influential in their decision to pursue what is ...
See also:Lisp programming language, Lisp programming language - The invention of Lisp: 1958-1962, Lisp programming language - Curiosities of the early history, Lisp programming language - Lisp and AI, Lisp programming language - Lisp today, Lisp programming language - Language innovations, Lisp programming language - Syntax and semantics, Lisp programming language - Lambda expressions, Lisp programming language - Conses and lists, Lisp programming language - Self-evaluating forms and quoting, Lisp programming language - Scope and closure, Lisp programming language - List structure of program code, Lisp programming language - Evaluation and the Read-Eval-Print Loop, Lisp programming language - Control structures, Lisp programming language - Examples, Lisp programming language - Object systems, Lisp programming language - Genealogy and variants, Lisp programming language - Major modern dialects, Lisp programming language - Historically significant dialects, Lisp programming language - Minor dialects, Lisp programming language - Miscellaneous implementations, Lisp programming language - Related languages, Lisp programming language - Quotations Read more here: » Lisp programming language: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Lisp today |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Lisp and AI Since its inception, Lisp was closely connected with the artificial intelligence research community, especially on PDP-10 systems. Lisp was used as the implementation of the programming language Micro Planner that was the foundation for the famous AI system SHRDLU. In the 1970s, as AI research spawned commercial offshoots, the performance of existing Lisp systems became a growing issue.
Partly because of garbage collection and partly because of its representation of internal structures, Lisp became difficult to run on the memory-limit ...
See also:Lisp programming language, Lisp programming language - The invention of Lisp: 1958-1962, Lisp programming language - Curiosities of the early history, Lisp programming language - Lisp and AI, Lisp programming language - Lisp today, Lisp programming language - Language innovations, Lisp programming language - Syntax and semantics, Lisp programming language - Lambda expressions, Lisp programming language - Conses and lists, Lisp programming language - Self-evaluating forms and quoting, Lisp programming language - Scope and closure, Lisp programming language - List structure of program code, Lisp programming language - Evaluation and the Read-Eval-Print Loop, Lisp programming language - Control structures, Lisp programming language - Examples, Lisp programming language - Object systems, Lisp programming language - Genealogy and variants, Lisp programming language - Major modern dialects, Lisp programming language - Historically significant dialects, Lisp programming language - Minor dialects, Lisp programming language - Miscellaneous implementations, Lisp programming language - Related languages, Lisp programming language - Quotations Read more here: » Lisp programming language: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Lisp and AI |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - Telegraphy - Arrival of the Internet Around 1965, in a radical break with existing standards, DARPA commissioned a study of decentralized switching systems, hoping to find something more advanced than TOR that could still hope to survive a nuclear war. Some of the ideas developed in this study provided inspiration for the development of the ARPANET packet switching research network, which later grew to become the public Internet.
The Internet was a radical break in three ways. First, it was designed to operate over any media. Second, routing was decentralized. Third, lar ...
See also:Telegraphy, Telegraphy - Optical telegraphs and smoke signals, Telegraphy - Electrical telegraphs, Telegraphy - Radiotelegraphy, Telegraphy - Telegraphic improvements, Telegraphy - Telex, Telegraphy - TWX, Telegraphy - Arrival of the Internet, Telegraphy - E-mail starts to displace telegraphy, Telegraphy - Telegraphy as a legacy system Read more here: » Telegraphy: Encyclopedia II - Telegraphy - Arrival of the Internet |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - The invention of Lisp: 1958-1962 Lisp was invented (or, as Paul Graham says, "discovered" [1]) by John McCarthy in 1958 while he was at MIT. McCarthy published its design in a paper in Communications of the ACM in 1960, entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I". (Part II was never published.) He showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for functions, one can build a Turing-complete language for algorithms.
Lisp was first implemented by Steve Russell on an IBM 704 computer. Russell had read McCarthy's paper, and realized (to McCarthy's surpr ...
See also:Lisp programming language, Lisp programming language - The invention of Lisp: 1958-1962, Lisp programming language - Curiosities of the early history, Lisp programming language - Lisp and AI, Lisp programming language - Lisp today, Lisp programming language - Language innovations, Lisp programming language - Syntax and semantics, Lisp programming language - Lambda expressions, Lisp programming language - Conses and lists, Lisp programming language - Self-evaluating forms and quoting, Lisp programming language - Scope and closure, Lisp programming language - List structure of program code, Lisp programming language - Evaluation and the Read-Eval-Print Loop, Lisp programming language - Control structures, Lisp programming language - Examples, Lisp programming language - Object systems, Lisp programming language - Genealogy and variants, Lisp programming language - Major modern dialects, Lisp programming language - Historically significant dialects, Lisp programming language - Minor dialects, Lisp programming language - Miscellaneous implementations, Lisp programming language - Related languages, Lisp programming language - Quotations Read more here: » Lisp programming language: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - The invention of Lisp: 1958-1962 |
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| | | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - ALGOL 68 - Program representation A feature of ALGOL 68, inherited from ALGOL tradition, is its different representations. There is a representation language used to describe algorithms in printed work, a strict language (rigorously defined in the Report) and an official reference language intended to be used in actual compiler input. In the examples above you will observe underlined words. This is the formal representation of the language. ALGOL 68's reserved words are effectively in a different namespace from identifiers, and spaces are allowed in identifiers, so the ...
See also:ALGOL 68, ALGOL 68 - Time-line of ALGOL 68, ALGOL 68 - Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68, ALGOL 68 - Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68, ALGOL 68 - Notable Language Elements, ALGOL 68 - Bold Symbols and Reserved Words, ALGOL 68 - Units: Expressions, ALGOL 68 - mode: Declarations, ALGOL 68 - Coercions: casting, ALGOL 68 - prag & co: Code Pragments and Comments, ALGOL 68 - Expressions and compound statements, ALGOL 68 - struct union & [:]: Structures unions and arrays, ALGOL 68 - proc: Procedures, ALGOL 68 - op: Operators, ALGOL 68 - transput: Input and output, ALGOL 68 - par: Parallel processing, ALGOL 68 - Code sample, ALGOL 68 - Program representation, ALGOL 68 - Some Vanitas, ALGOL 68 - Comparison to C++, ALGOL 68 - Variants, ALGOL 68 - The language of the unrevised Report, ALGOL 68 - Extension proposals from IFIP WG 2.1, ALGOL 68 - True ALGOL 68s Specification and Implementation Timeline, ALGOL 68 - Implementation specific extensions, ALGOL 68 - Quotes Read more here: » ALGOL 68: Encyclopedia II - ALGOL 68 - Program representation |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Examples Here are examples of Common Lisp code. While unlike Lisp programs used in industry, they are similar to Lisp as taught in computer science courses.
As the reader may have noticed from the above discussion, Lisp syntax lends itself naturally to recursion. Mathematical problems such as the enumeration of recursively-defined sets are simple to express in this notation.
Evaluate a number's factorial:
(defun factorial (n)
(if (<= n 1)
1
(* n ...
See also:Lisp programming language, Lisp programming language - History, Lisp programming language - Syntax and Semantics, Lisp programming language - Lambda expressions, Lisp programming language - Conses and lists, Lisp programming language - Self-evaluating forms and quoting, Lisp programming language - Scope and closure, Lisp programming language - List structure of program code, Lisp programming language - Evaluation and the Read-Eval-Print Loop, Lisp programming language - Control structures, Lisp programming language - Examples, Lisp programming language - Object systems, Lisp programming language - Genealogy and variants, Lisp programming language - Major modern dialects, Lisp programming language - Historically significant dialects, Lisp programming language - Minor Dialects, Lisp programming language - Miscellaneous implementations, Lisp programming language - Related languages, Lisp programming language - Quotations Read more here: » Lisp programming language: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Examples |
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| | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Object systems Various object systems and models have been built on top of, alongside, or into Lisp, including:
Flavors, built at MIT
The Common Lisp Object System, CLOS (descended from Flavors)
KR (short for Knowledge Representation), a constraints-based object system developed to aid the writing of Garnet, a GUI library for Common Lisp
SageCLOS an Object Oriented Interface to AutoLISP invented by Ralph Gimenez.
CLOS features multiple inheritance, multiple dispatch ("multimethods"), and a powerful system of "method combinations". In fact, Common Lisp, which includes CLOS, was the f ...
See also:Lisp programming language, Lisp programming language - History, Lisp programming language - Syntax and Semantics, Lisp programming language - Lambda expressions, Lisp programming language - Conses and lists, Lisp programming language - Self-evaluating forms and quoting, Lisp programming language - Scope and closure, Lisp programming language - List structure of program code, Lisp programming language - Evaluation and the Read-Eval-Print Loop, Lisp programming language - Control structures, Lisp programming language - Examples, Lisp programming language - Object systems, Lisp programming language - Genealogy and variants, Lisp programming language - Major modern dialects, Lisp programming language - Historically significant dialects, Lisp programming language - Minor Dialects, Lisp programming language - Miscellaneous implementations, Lisp programming language - Related languages, Lisp programming language - Quotations Read more here: » Lisp programming language: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - Object systems |
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| | | | | | Multics: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - History Information Processing Language was the first AI language, from 1955 or 1956, and already included many of the concepts, such as list-processing and recursion, which came to be used in Lisp.
Lisp was invented by John McCarthy in 1958 while he was at MIT. McCarthy published its design in a paper in Communications of the ACM in 1960, entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I". (Part II was never published.) He showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for f ...
See also:Lisp programming language, Lisp programming language - History, Lisp programming language - Syntax and Semantics, Lisp programming language - Lambda expressions, Lisp programming language - Conses and lists, Lisp programming language - Self-evaluating forms and quoting, Lisp programming language - Scope and closure, Lisp programming language - List structure of program code, Lisp programming language - Evaluation and the Read-Eval-Print Loop, Lisp programming language - Control structures, Lisp programming language - Examples, Lisp programming language - Object systems, Lisp programming language - Genealogy and variants, Lisp programming language - Major modern dialects, Lisp programming language - Historically significant dialects, Lisp programming language - Minor Dialects, Lisp programming language - Miscellaneous implementations, Lisp programming language - Related languages, Lisp programming language - Quotations Read more here: » Lisp programming language: Encyclopedia II - Lisp programming language - History |
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