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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Spiritual Resources |  |  |  | Spiritual Resources: Encyclopedia II - Tlingit - CultureThe Tlingit culture is multifaceted and complex, a characteristic of Northwest Pacific Coast peoples with access to easily exploited rich resources. In Tlingit culture a heavy emphasis is placed upon family and kinship, and on a rich tradition of oratory. Wealth and economic power are important indicators of status, but so is generosity and proper behavior, all signs of "good breeding" and ties to aristocracy. Art and spirituality are incorporated in nearly all areas of Tlingit culture, with even everyday objects such as spoons and storage boxes decorated and imbued with spiritual power and historical associations.
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See also:Tlingit, Tlingit - Territory, Tlingit - Culture, Tlingit - Kinship, Tlingit - Property, Tlingit - Potlatch, Tlingit - Art, Tlingit - War, Tlingit - Food, Tlingit - Nutrition, Tlingit - Beach Food, Tlingit - Salmon, Tlingit - Herring and Hooligan, Tlingit - Other Fish, Tlingit - Marine Mammals, Tlingit - Game, Tlingit - Philosophy and Religion, Tlingit - Dualism, Tlingit - Spirituality, Tlingit - Death and the Afterlife, Tlingit - Shamanism, Tlingit - Man and Nature, Tlingit - The Kooshdakhaa, Tlingit - History, Tlingit - Creation myth and the Raven Cycle, Tlingit - The Tlingit migration, Tlingit - Clan histories, Tlingit - First contact, Tlingit - Fur trade, Tlingit - Alaskan purchase, Tlingit - The bombing of Angoon, Tlingit - Territorial education and religion, Tlingit - ANB and recognizing rights, Tlingit - WWII, Tlingit - ANCSA, Tlingit - Today Read more here: » Tlingit: Encyclopedia II - Tlingit - Culture |
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|  |  |  | Spiritual Resources: Encyclopedia II - Martial arts - Comparisons between martial artsIt is common to compare the goals, teaching methods and the techniques of different fighting systems in order to understand their similarities and differences. Such comparisons tend to be controversial when there is a lack of format in which a direct and objective comparison is possible. In addition to physical combat, many martial arts have spiritual or philosophical aspirations, such as the various Chinese, Japanese and Korean martial arts that emphasise traditional Confucian teaching methods. Some systems are sports oriented, such as Judo ...
See also:Martial arts, Martial arts - Overview, Martial arts - History, Martial arts - Martial arts in Asia, Martial arts - Martial arts in Europe, Martial arts - Martial arts in North America, Martial arts - Martial arts internationally, Martial arts - Comparisons between martial arts, Martial arts - Technical aspects, Martial arts - Testing and Competition, Martial arts - Forms, Martial arts - Light and medium-contact sparring, Martial arts - Full-contact fighting, Martial arts - Martial arts and self defense, Martial arts - Martial arts as sport, Martial arts - Martial arts and dance, Martial arts - Notable styles of martial arts, Martial arts - Further resources Read more here: » Martial arts: Encyclopedia II - Martial arts - Comparisons between martial arts |
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|  |  |  | Spiritual Resources: Encyclopedia II - Shakers - Culture and artifactsShaker beliefs have generated a unique culture and ways of life that have enriched the cultural history of the United States as well as subsequently inspired many modern fields.
One of the major attributes of the Shakers was to build. This combined with their dedication to hard work and perfection has resulted in a unique range of architecture, furniture and handicraft styles. They relied on their own skills and natural resources for all these as well as for providing for their family. Shakers designed their furniture with care, belie ...
See also:Shakers, Shakers - Origin of the name, Shakers - Wardley predecessors, Shakers - Ann Lee, Shakers - First Shaker society, Shakers - Communalism under Joseph Meacham, Shakers - Expansion and Contraction, Shakers - Communal spiritual family, Shakers - Revelations and visions, Shakers - Culture of work, Shakers - Culture and artifacts, Shakers - Shaker music, Shakers - Modern-day Shakers, Shakers - Shaker Trust, Shakers - Reference Read more here: » Shakers: Encyclopedia II - Shakers - Culture and artifacts |
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|  |  |  | Spiritual Resources: Encyclopedia II - Humanism - Related topics
Humanism - List of Humanists.
see the category Humanists below
Humanism - Founding documents.
Amsterdam Declaration 2002
Humanist Manifesto
A Secular Humanist Declaration
Humanism - Forms of humanism.
Marxist humanism
New Humanism
Posthumanism
Religious (Spiritual) Humanism
Christian Existential Humanism
Humanistic Judaism
Renaissance humanism
Sec ...
See also:Humanism, Humanism - Aspects, Humanism - Religion, Humanism - Knowledge, Humanism - Speciesism, Humanism - Optimism, Humanism - History, Humanism - Renaissance, Humanism - Modern humanist philosophies, Humanism - Secular humanism, Humanism - Religious humanism, Humanism - Other forms of humanism, Humanism - Educational humanism, Humanism - Related topics, Humanism - List of Humanists, Humanism - Founding documents, Humanism - Forms of humanism, Humanism - Related philosophies, Humanism - Organizations, Humanism - Other, Humanism - Web resources, Humanism - Founding documents, Humanism - Introductions to humanism, Humanism - Organizations, Humanism - Web articles, Humanism - Web books, Humanism - Web directories Read more here: » Humanism: Encyclopedia II - Humanism - Related topics |
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|  |  |  | Spiritual Resources: Encyclopedia II - Shape note - Resources
Shape note - Books.
A Checklist of Four-Shape Shape-Note Tunebooks, by Richard J. Stanislaw
America's Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present, by Gilbert Chase
Sing to Me of Heaven: A Study of Folk and Early American Materials in Three Old Harp Books, by Dorothy D. Horn
Sing with Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Hymnology, by Harry Eskew and Hugh T. McElrath
The Sacred Harp: A Tradition and Its Music, by Buell E. Cobb, Jr. 2001, University of Georgia Press.
White Spirituals in the Southern Upla ...
See also:Shape note, Shape note - Shape notes, Shape note - Four-shape vs. seven-shape systems, Shape note - The effectiveness of shape notes, Shape note - Origin and early history, Shape note - The rise of seven-shape systems, Shape note - Currently active shape note traditions, Shape note - Nomenclature, Shape note - Footnotes, Shape note - Resources, Shape note - Books, Shape note - Journal articles Read more here: » Shape note: Encyclopedia II - Shape note - Resources |
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|  |  |  | Spiritual Resources: Encyclopedia II - Psychiatric and mental health nursing - Therapeutic relationshipAs with other branches of nursing practice, psychiatric mental health nursing works within nursing models, utilising nursing care plans and seeks to care for the whole person. However, the emphasis in mental health nursing is on the development of a therapeutic relationship. In practice this means that the nurse should seek to engage with the person in a positive and collaborative manner that empowers them to draw on their inner resources to recover. The therapeutic relationship can be divided into three phases.
Orientation phas ...
See also:Psychiatric and mental health nursing, Psychiatric and mental health nursing - Different levels of practice, Psychiatric and mental health nursing - Therapeutic relationship, Psychiatric and mental health nursing - Interventions, Psychiatric and mental health nursing - Physical and biological interventions, Psychiatric and mental health nursing - Psychosocial interventions, Psychiatric and mental health nursing - Spiritual interventions, Psychiatric and mental health nursing - Organisation of mental health care, Psychiatric and mental health nursing - Footnote Read more here: » Psychiatric and mental health nursing: Encyclopedia II - Psychiatric and mental health nursing - Therapeutic relationship |
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|  |  |  | Spiritual Resources: Encyclopedia II - Cannabis - SpeciesThe genus Cannabis was formerly placed with nettles in the family Urticaceae or with mulberries in the family Moraceae, but is now considered along with hops (Humulus sp.) to belong to the family Cannabaceae. Whether the different strains of Cannabis constitute a single species (Cannabis sativa L.) or multiple species has been a contentious issue for well over two centuries.[1]See also:Cannabis, Cannabis - Species, Cannabis - Etymology, Cannabis - Aspects of cannabis use, Cannabis - Pharmacology, Cannabis - Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol THC, Cannabis - Cannabinoids, Cannabis - Cannflavins, Cannabis - Terpenoids, Cannabis - The cannabinoid receptor system Read more here: » Cannabis: Encyclopedia II - Cannabis - Species |
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|  |  |  | Spiritual Resources: Encyclopedia II - Cannabis - EtymologyThe name cannabis is thought to be of Scythian origin. Possibly it has an earlier origin in Semitic languages like Hebrew, in Exodus 30:23 God commands Moses to make a holy anointing oil of myrrh, sweet cinnamon, kaneh bosem, and kassia. In kaneh bosem (Hebrew קנה בשם) kaneh means "reed" or "cane", while bosem means "aromatic". Greek translations of the Old Testament rendered kaneh as "reed", leading to possibly erroneous English translations as sweet calamus (Exodus 30:23), sweet cane (Isaiah 43:24; Jeremiah 6:20) and calamusSee also: Cannabis, Cannabis - Species, Cannabis - Etymology, Cannabis - Aspects of cannabis use, Cannabis - Pharmacology, Cannabis - Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol THC, Cannabis - Cannabinoids, Cannabis - Cannflavins, Cannabis - Terpenoids, Cannabis - The cannabinoid receptor system Read more here: » Cannabis: Encyclopedia II - Cannabis - Etymology |
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|  |  |  | Spiritual Resources: Encyclopedia II - Cannabis - PharmacologyThe pharmacology of cannabis is complex, due to a wide variety of terpenoid and terpenophenolic compounds (cannabinoids) in the essential oil. The most important pharmacologically active cannabinoids are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol, and cannabinol (a degradation product of Δ9-THC).
Cannabis - Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol THC.
The best known component of cannabis is THC. This psychoactive compound may produce relaxation, euphoria, concentration or diffusion of attention, altered space-time perception, alteration of visual, auditory, and ol ...
See also:Cannabis, Cannabis - Species, Cannabis - Etymology, Cannabis - Aspects of cannabis use, Cannabis - Pharmacology, Cannabis - Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol THC, Cannabis - Cannabinoids, Cannabis - Cannflavins, Cannabis - Terpenoids, Cannabis - The cannabinoid receptor system Read more here: » Cannabis: Encyclopedia II - Cannabis - Pharmacology |
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|  |  |  | Spiritual Resources: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Government
Khazars - Khazar Kingship.
Main Articles: Khagan; Khagan Bek; for names of Khazar rulers see List of Khazar rulers.
Khazar kingship was divided between the khagan and the Bek or Khagan Bek. Contemporary Arab historians related that the Khagan was purely a spiritual ruler or figurehead with limited powers, while the Bek was responsible for administration and military affairs.
Both the Khagan and the Khagan Bek lived in Itil. The Khagan's palace, according to Arab sources, was on an island in the Volga River. He was reported to have 25 wives, each the daughter of a client ruler; this ma ...
See also:Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915 Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Government |
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|  |  |  | Spiritual Resources: Encyclopedia II - Martial arts - Comparisons between martial artsIt is common to compare the goals, teaching methods and the techniques of different fighting systems in order to understand their similarities and differences. Such comparisons tend to be controversial when there is a lack of format in which a direct and objective comparison is possible. In addition to physical combat, many martial arts have spiritual or philosophical aspirations, such as the various Chinese, Japanese and Korean martial arts that emphasise traditional Confucian teaching methods. Some systems are sports-oriented, such as Judo ...
See also:Martial arts, Martial arts - Overview, Martial arts - History, Martial arts - Martial arts in Asia, Martial arts - Martial arts in Europe, Martial arts - Martial arts in North America, Martial arts - Martial arts internationally, Martial arts - Comparisons between martial arts, Martial arts - Classification, Martial arts - Technical aspects, Martial arts - Testing and Competition, Martial arts - Forms, Martial arts - Light and medium-contact sparring, Martial arts - Full-contact fighting, Martial arts - Martial arts and self defense, Martial arts - Martial arts as sport, Martial arts - Martial arts and dance, Martial arts - Notable styles of martial arts, Martial arts - Further resources Read more here: » Martial arts: Encyclopedia II - Martial arts - Comparisons between martial arts |
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Alternative
Health Dictionary on Imagineering Imagineering: Subject of Imagineering For Health: Self-Healing through the Use of the Mind (1981), by Serge King, Ph.D. The source of King's doctorate in psychology is California Western University, a nonaccredited correspondence school whose name was changed in the 1980s to California Coast University.a means of doing practically anything, Imagineering comprises cooperative healing, emotivational therapy, idea therapy, verbal therapy, and visual therapy. Its theory posits spiritual resources. (See also: Imagineering, Body Mind and Soul, Alternative Health, Alternative Health Dictionary)
For more dictionary entries, see » Spiritual Resources Dictionary |
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Alternative
Health Dictionary on Johrei Johrei: purificatory method that defines the Johrei Fellowship, a worldwide interfaith association with a center in New York City. Reportedly, sessions take about twenty minutes, do not entail physical contact, and are always free of charge. Besides the method, the word Johrei denotes a paradisiacal doctrine anda something that, through the focusing of Divine Light, naturally eases physical and mental distress. Japanese businessman Mokichi Okada founded the movement in 1935. Okada had learned God's Divine Plan for the New Age through a series of divine revelations. Johrei's principles include the Law of Purification, which holds that sickness is simply Nature's way of restoring health, and the Law of Spiritual Affinity, which holds that innumerable spiritual cords dominate human existence. Another principle is that one's health and material resources are functions of one's spiritual condition. (See also: Johrei, Body Mind and Soul, Alternative Health, Alternative Health Dictionary)
For more dictionary entries, see » Spiritual Resources Dictionary |
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New Age
Spiritual Dictionary on Numerology numerology Any system of prediction effected by use of numbers. It appears the different numerology "systems" give similar results. The power involved, therefore, may be a psi power rather than a system based upon occult meanings of numbers arrangements, etc. The rudimentary characteristics of numbers are 1 will, initiating power, striving; 2 love-wisdom, maintaining, humanity; 3 active intelligence, mediating, creativity; 4 conflict, foundation, future; 5 exactness, change, freedom; 6 devotion, family, harmony; 7 spirituality, right-relationship, community; 8 power, resources, responsibility; 9 universality, joy, service; 0 higher expression of the quality of the number it acompanies. (See also: Numerology, Body Mind and Soul)
For more dictionary entries, see » Spiritual Resources Dictionary |
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Spiritual - Theosophy
Dictionary on
Frey, Freyr, Fro Frey, Freyr, Fro (Icelandic, Scandinavian) (from fro seed; Anglo-Saxon frea; Swedish frojda rejoice) The Norse god associated with the earth: in theosophy he represents the planetary chain whose soul-world (Alfhem) was his "teething gift in the morning of time." Frey and his sister Freya, goddess of the planet Venus, are the children of Njord, the Norse Saturn-Chronos. At the formation of the globe earth, in which Frey embodied, the dwarfs fashioned for Frey the magic ship Skidbladnir (from skida ski + blad blade) which contains the seeds of all living things but which can be folded up like a kerchief when its lifetime has elapsed. Frey is also owner of the magic sword (spiritual will) which is invincible in battle against giants (matter) provided the wielder is pure and resourceful. He is the god of sunshine and fertility. (See also: Frey, Freyr, Fro, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)
For more dictionary entries, see » Spiritual Resources Dictionary |
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Spiritual - Theosophy
Dictionary on
Faith Healing, Drugless Healing Faith Healing, Drugless Healing Apart from the regular medical and surgical practice, widespread forms of drugless healing are employed today. Public opinion generally is either frankly skeptical about the whole matter, or believes that such afford safe and easy means of relief and escape from suffering and disease. As a whole, these forms of faith or magnetic healing depend on the "inborn or inherent, ability of the 'healer' or practitioner to convey healthy life-force from himself to the diseased person. This is the key to success, or the lack of success, in all cases, and in all kinds of healing of whatever so-called 'school'" (SOPh 622). If the practitioner succeeds in conveying the vitality of the pranic fluids from his own healthy body to the diseased body or organ of another person, that healthy life-force "expels" or changes the inharmonious vibrations in the afflicted part and, by restoring harmony there, brings about health. Such cures can be permanent; usually they are temporary, lasting from a few days to a few years. All these methods were known to the ancients. Unfortunately, the Western lack of any true psychology leaves unexplained the rationale of these healing systems -- whether by hypnotism, magnetism, mesmerism, or healing by faith as practiced by the Christian Scientists and faith-healers -- and gives no hint of their end results. The potential dangers incurred, both physical and superphysical, are unsuspected. The magnetic healer's emanation of his vitality and will-force inevitably carries and implants in the person it affects something of his own quality of mind, heart, and body. The germs of any latent disease, hidden vice, or mental bias will complicate any supposed cure. Moreover, the subtle infection on inner lines karmically links for the future both healer and patient in the outcome. Even diseased or evil-minded persons of strong will and animal vitality can displace a disease and, by driving it back onto some inner level of the sufferer's constitution, can make a seeming cure. Howsoever it is displaced out of sight, it cannot be denied out of existence, and sooner or later it will reappear in a more untimely, unnatural, and probably a more dangerous form because of its suppression at the moment of its endeavor to exhaust itself in physical expression. Physical disease, originating in wrong thought in this or a former life, becomes visible on the most material level in working its way out of the system for good. It is positively pernicious for a healer to act upon the will, conscience, or moral integrity of the sick person by hypnotizing his mind, will, and conscience into believing that sickness does not exist, or that he is a victim of fate instead of suffering from his own past actions. Any such control of another's conscious life is a form of suggestion or hypnotism, and falls under what was formerly called black magic. On the other hand, we are morally obligated to help the sick and suffering in the right ways of treating the body, mind, and soul; right because involving the arousing of the patient's own inner powers of spiritual, moral, and intellectual resistance against the weaknesses in himself. The wrong ways consist in the overpowering -- however good the motive of the practitioner may be -- of the moral instincts, will, and conscience of the sufferer, thereby rendering him weaker than before. In genuine mesmerism the vital emanation from a pure-minded, unselfish, healthy operator arouses the inert or disordered forces of the diseased organ or body, causing them to vibrate harmoniously and naturally. Thus the sufferer makes himself whole or healthy, and has no bad reaction. The best of all drugless healing methods is where the sufferer is brought into a state of hope, self-confidence, and the higher kind of resignation bringing peace and inner quiet, all of which works in harmony with the body's natural resources of health and healing. This is the kind of faith-cure used by Jesus and others of similar spiritual and intellectual stature. (See also: Faith Healing, Drugless Healing, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)
For more dictionary entries, see » Spiritual Resources Dictionary |
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New Age Spirituality
Dictionary on
Society of Friends Society of Friends Better known as Quakers, an Anglo-American pacifist sectarian movement originating in the religious confusion of the English Civil War and Commonwealth era (1640-60). George Fox (1624-91), a "seeker" discontented with both the Church of England and the Puritan and other sectarian alternatives that flourished during the period, attracted a radical group of followers through his prophetic words and deeds. According to one tradition, Fox and his followers became known as Quakers when, refusing to swear oaths or otherwise respect the status of the law courts, they urged magistrates to tremble before God rather than the law. More correctly known as the "Society of Friends (of Truth)," they distinguished themselves theologically from other Christians through their doctrine of the "Inward" or "Inner Light," the manifestation of the divine within each individual that, when recognized and nurtured, inevitably led to religious truth. Friends in Britain flourished despite adversity. Many were jailed for their pacifist and other nonconforming ways, while others organized their resources to alleviate these sufferings until relief came in the form of the Toleration Act of 1689. Barred from the universities and professions, they benefited from their reputation for honesty and hard work and often were successful in business. Friends rejected hierarchy and churchly authority, organizing instead according to local weekly meetings for worship and progressively less frequent and geographically more encompassing regional meetings for governance. Weekly meetings were not led by ministers, but a clerk was present to record their proceedings. Worship was conducted in silence in a bare meeting house, with individuals speaking only when prompted by the Inner Light. The "friendly persuasion" was transplanted to the New World in 1682 by William Penn, an aristocratic convert who secured a royal land grant in payment of debts owed his family. The Pennsylvania colony was based on Quaker principles of consensus and fair dealing in its governance; its capital, Philadelphia-"the city of brotherly love"-reflected in its name and spacious layout Penn's hopes for a peaceable society. English demands for support in the French and Indian Wars, however, led to a series of compromises and finally, in 1756, the renunciation of governmental power by the Quakers, who nevertheless continued to constitute a commercial elite in the region. Quakers in the new American nation continued to cope with the problems engendered by their pacifism, which led to suffering but also proved instrumental in securing governmental recognition of the rights of conscientious objectors. Quakers pursued a peacemaking role by opposing both violence and the injustices that provoked it. Their Inner Light doctrine was incompatible with social inequality, so that women enjoyed equal status to men. Quakers such as John Woolman, Anthony Benezet, and, later, Levi Coffin, were active in the lateeighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century campaign against slavery. Many contemporary British Quakers also became active in reform causes. Their plain speech and dress, modified over time, were also manifestations of this egalitarianism. Internal divisions manifested themselves early in the nineteenth century in the United States, when social and geographical divisions expressed themselves in theological forms. From 1826 to 1827 followers of Elias Hicks (1748-1830) near Philadelphia rejected the local elite's embracing of evangelical Protestant tenets and symbols, and called for a return to early Quaker practice. Joseph John Gurney (1788-1847), an English Friend, pressed the evangelical cause further, while John Wilbur's (1774-1856) followers tried to combine the two emphases. Richmond, Indiana, emerged, in the first half of the nineteenth century, as a focus of Gurneyite settlement that was later influenced by the Holiness movement. In the twentieth century, the Philadelphia Meeting-part of the larger General Conference-became the center for Friends concerned with philanthropic and peacemaking activity, while the Friends United Meeting (Richmond, Indiana) and Evangelical Friends Alliance (Cleveland, Ohio) represented more evangelical strains. In the 1990s, Friends in the United States of various affiliations numbered in excess of one hundred thousand; this was somewhat over half of the worldwide membership, with roughly 20 percent of the remainder in Britain. (See also: Society of Friends, New Age Spirituality, Body Mind and Soul)
For more dictionary entries, see » Spiritual Resources Dictionary |
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New Age
Spirituality Dictionary on Society of Friends Society of Friends Better known as Quakers, an Anglo-American pacifist sectarian movement originating in the religious confusion of the English Civil War and Commonwealth era (1640-60). George Fox (1624-91), a "seeker" discontented with both the Church of England and the Puritan and other sectarian alternatives that flourished during the period, attracted a radical group of followers through his prophetic words and deeds. According to one tradition, Fox and his followers became known as Quakers when, refusing to swear oaths or otherwise respect the status of the law courts, they urged magistrates to tremble before God rather than the law. More correctly known as the "Society of Friends (of Truth)," they distinguished themselves theologically from other Christians through their doctrine of the "Inward" or "Inner Light," the manifestation of the divine within each individual that, when recognized and nurtured, inevitably led to religious truth. Friends in Britain flourished despite adversity. Many were jailed for their pacifist and other nonconforming ways, while others organized their resources to alleviate these sufferings until relief came in the form of the Toleration Act of 1689. Barred from the universities and professions, they benefited from their reputation for honesty and hard work and often were successful in business. Friends rejected hierarchy and churchly authority, organizing instead according to local weekly meetings for worship and progressively less frequent and geographically more encompassing regional meetings for governance. Weekly meetings were not led by ministers, but a clerk was present to record their proceedings. Worship was conducted in silence in a bare meeting house, with individuals speaking only when prompted by the Inner Light. The "friendly persuasion" was transplanted to the New World in 1682 by William Penn, an aristocratic convert who secured a royal land grant in payment of debts owed his family. The Pennsylvania colony was based on Quaker principles of consensus and fair dealing in its governance; its capital, Philadelphia-"the city of brotherly love"-reflected in its name and spacious layout Penn's hopes for a peaceable society. English demands for support in the French and Indian Wars, however, led to a series of compromises and finally, in 1756, the renunciation of governmental power by the Quakers, who nevertheless continued to constitute a commercial elite in the region. Quakers in the new American nation continued to cope with the problems engendered by their pacifism, which led to suffering but also proved instrumental in securing governmental recognition of the rights of conscientious objectors. Quakers pursued a peacemaking role by opposing both violence and the injustices that provoked it. Their Inner Light doctrine was incompatible with social inequality, so that women enjoyed equal status to men. Quakers such as John Woolman, Anthony Benezet, and, later, Levi Coffin, were active in the lateeighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century campaign against slavery. Many contemporary British Quakers also became active in reform causes. Their plain speech and dress, modified over time, were also manifestations of this egalitarianism. Internal divisions manifested themselves early in the nineteenth century in the United States, when social and geographical divisions expressed themselves in theological forms. From 1826 to 1827 followers of Elias Hicks (1748-1830) near Philadelphia rejected the local elite's embracing of evangelical Protestant tenets and symbols, and called for a return to early Quaker practice. Joseph John Gurney (1788-1847), an English Friend, pressed the evangelical cause further, while John Wilbur's (1774-1856) followers tried to combine the two emphases. Richmond, Indiana, emerged, in the first half of the nineteenth century, as a focus of Gurneyite settlement that was later influenced by the Holiness movement. In the twentieth century, the Philadelphia Meeting-part of the larger General Conference-became the center for Friends concerned with philanthropic and peacemaking activity, while the Friends United Meeting (Richmond, Indiana) and Evangelical Friends Alliance (Cleveland, Ohio) represented more evangelical strains. In the 1990s, Friends in the United States of various affiliations numbered in excess of one hundred thousand; this was somewhat over half of the worldwide membership, with roughly 20 percent of the remainder in Britain. (See also: Society of Friends, New Age Spirituality, Body Mind and Soul)
For more dictionary entries, see » Spiritual Resources Dictionary |
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Spiritual - Theosophy
Dictionary on
Physical Organs Physical Organs Natural history reveals that the organs of the body acquire a greater individual importance, and in some cases occupy a larger proportion of the organism, as we ascend from the lower to the higher animal forms. G. de Purucker points out that "Every one of the organs of the human physical body, both collectively and distributively, is the organic representative in man's physical sheath or body of one part or portion of his complex inner and invisible constitution. . . . every one of the monadic centers in man's being . . . has its own corresponding organ in the physical body, each such organ functioning in the body as much as it can according to the characteristic or type-activity of its inner and invisible cause. Thus the heart, the brain, the liver, the spleen, etc., is, each one, the expression on the physical plane and in the human physical body of a corresponding consciousness-center in the invisible constitution of the sevenfold man" (ET 961-2n). There are manasic as well as kamic organs. The brain and heart are "the organs of a power higher than the Personality" (BCW 12:367; or St in Oc 89). The liver is called the kamic organ; the spleen is the vehicle of the linga-sarira. Of the rhythmic tides of vital air in the chest, it is said: "The primeval current of the life-wave is then the same which assumes in man the form of the inspiratory and expiratory motion of the lungs, and this is the source of the evolution and involution of the universe" (q from Nature's Finer Forces Rama Prasad, BCW 12:356 or Studies in Occultism 76). The uterus, within which a new manifestation of life appears, corresponds physically to the universal matrix -- cosmic space -- the fertilized cell being the point in the circle where differentiation begins. The eyes, from one standpoint at least, are the most occult of our senses. The fibers of the large optic nerves are interrelated with special organs of the senses and sensations -- optic thalami, pineal and pituitary glands, etc. -- which are grouped around the center of the brain. Further, "every human organ and each cell in the latter has a key-board of its own, like that of a piano, only that it registers and emits sensations instead of sounds. Every key contains the potentiality of good or bad, of producing harmony or disharmony" according as the impulse comes from the higher or lower nature (BCW 12:368-9 or St in Oc 91). Memory has no special organ of its own in the brain, but has seats in every organ of the body. The whole body is a vast sounding board in which each cell bears a long record of impressions connected with its parent organ, and also it has a memory and consciousness of its own kind. These impressions are, according to the nature of the organ, physical, psychic, mental, or again mixed, as they relate to this or another plane, there being states of instinctual, mental, and purely abstract or spiritual consciousness. The physiological functions and reciprocal workings of cells and organs are in the body automatically directed by a "universally diffused mind" throughout that body, which is beyond all material analysis. Because of this intelligence operating throughout the organism, physiology is destined someday "to become the hand-maiden of Occult truths" (BCW 12:139; or Studies in Occultism 105). On a larger scale, each organ has its own rhythm or vibratory rate of response to cosmic eternal motion. The response is animated by a "vital principle without which no molecular combinations could ever have resulted in a living organism, least of all in the so-called 'inorganic' matter of our plane of consciousness" (SD 1:603). The breaking of the normal rhythm of one organ disturbs that of all the rest, which accounts for the many reflex symptoms that often appear. The general principles of occult physiology underlie and coordinate the numerous details of chemical, microscopic, and biological research. The human organism illustrates the modern scientific view of the electronic nature of matter. In man, the positive and negative phases of the one Life unite to manifest in functional currents of vitality; all of which has a significant bearing on the prevailing medical recourse to organotherapy, the end results of which are not recognized, as such, since they operate on inner lines of force. Each animal body -- human or beast -- is a complex organism whose various parts are vibrating in consonance with the synthetic character of its own evolutionary status of vital matter and conscious force -- its selfhood. Hence, the injection of the physiologic essence of any one creature's organs into the life-currents of another, aiming to give a certain impetus to functional reaction, inevitably adds a subtly disturbing foreign element. The same physical matter composes all animal bodies, so that the human and beast life-atoms are interchangeable, but such interchange is governed or regulated by extremely occult causal relations which raise their action outside or above the plane of human interference. Organotherapy, as at present understood and practiced, is a divergence from nature's normal processes, having no analog in nature which, in turn, provides resources of wholesome remedial matter. These artificial mixtures of both physical and superphysical forces, involve vital issues beyond the ken of research laboratories. The end results of unbalanced forces might be sought among the increase in cases of malignant, degenerative, and mental and nervous disorders, with their unequilibrated operation of functioning vitality and of consciousness. Pi The mathematical symbol for the incommensurable ratio of the circumference of a circle to the length of its diameter, and for corresponding ratios in plane and solid geometry. Its incommensurability is a particular instance of the impossibility of expressing geometrical magnitudes exactly in number. Bearing in mind that there is a geometrical key to interpretation of cosmic law and structure, and that the facts of geometry cannot possibly be arbitrary or meaningless but must be faithful representations of general laws; then we shall understand that the ratio {pi sym}, involving such radial and important elements as the straight line and the circle, must be of paramount importance. The figures, either for approximate decimal evaluations or approximate fractional ratios, play an important part in the symbology of the ancient mystery-language. These figures and the numbers which they make are found in the numerical values of letters and words in the Hebrew and Greek alphabets. The problem of squaring the circle by a purely geometrical construction does not involve the use of {pi sym} at all. (See also: Physical Organs, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)
For more dictionary entries, see » Spiritual Resources Dictionary |
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