universality

The categorical imperative is the philosophical concept central to the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant and to modern deontological ethics. He introduced the concept in his Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. It is outlined here according to the arguments found in this work. Kant defined an imperative as any proposition that declares a certain kind of action (or inaction) to be necessary. A hypothetical imperative would compel action under a particular circumstance: If I wish to satisfy my thirst, then I must dri ...

Including:

• Categorical imperative - Nature of the concept
• Categorical imperative - Freedom and autonomy
• Categorical imperative - Good Will duty and the categorical imperative
• Categorical imperative - The first formulation
• Categorical imperative - Perfect duty
• Categorical imperative - Imperfect duty
• Categorical imperative - The second formulation
• Categorical imperative - The third formulation
• Categorical imperative - Criticism

Read more here: » Categorical imperative: Encyclopedia - Categorical imperative

The term Brownian motion (in honor of the botanist Robert Brown) refers to either The physical phenomenon that minute particles immersed in a fluid move about randomly; or The mathematical models used to describe those random movements. The mathematical model can also be used to describe many phenomena not resembling (other than mathematically) the random movement of minute particles. An often quoted example is stock market fluctuations. Another example is the evolu ...

Including:

• Brownian motion - History
• Brownian motion - Intuitive metaphor for Brownian motion
• Brownian motion - Description of the mathematical model
• Brownian motion - Modelling the Brownian motion using differential equations
• Brownian motion - Mathematical Brownian motion
• Brownian motion - Physical Brownian motion

Read more here: » Brownian motion: Encyclopedia - Brownian motion

Credibility is the believability of a statement, action, or source, and the ability of the observer to believe that statement. Common terms include cred, street cred, and indie credibility. The last of which is crucial for an independent band to be critically well received. For example, many critics, such as Stephen Thomas Erlewine in his lengthy review, decried Liz Phair's loss of credibility after the release of her eponymous album, featuring co-production and co-songwriting by teenpop producers of The Matrix as ...

Including:

• Credibility - Sources

Read more here: » Credibility: Encyclopedia - Credibility

Social Justice is a concept that has fascinated philosophers ever since Plato rebuked the young Sophist, Thrasymachus, for asserting that justice was whatever the strongest decided it would be. In The Republic, Plato formalized the argument that an ideal state would rest on four virtues: wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. The addition of the word social is to clearly distinguish Social Justice from the concept of justice as applied in the law — state-administered systems, which label behavio ...

Including:

• Social justice - The conceptual problem
• Social justice - The evolving answer
• Social justice - The modern concept
• Social justice - The basic liberties
• Social justice - Observations
• Social justice - Beliefs
• Social justice - Development of Catholic social teaching
• Social justice - Criticism
• Social justice - Other uses
• Social justice - Sources

Read more here: » Social justice: Encyclopedia - Social justice

The functional equation arises in the study of one-dimensional maps that, as a function of a parameter, go through a period-doubling cascade. The functional equation is the mathematical expression of the universality of period doubling. The equation is used to specify a function g and a parameter λ by the relation with the boundary conditions g(0) = 1, g< ...

See also:

Feigenbaum function, Feigenbaum function - Functional equation, Feigenbaum function - Scaling function

Read more here: » Feigenbaum function: Encyclopedia II - Feigenbaum function - Functional equation

Odalists consider all things that are unique to Germanic spheres of influence to be contributors to a greater definition of identity. In identity and an increasing sense of autonomy through specific as well as general identity (identity at all levels) it can be seen how all people regard spirituality. Odalists believe that everyone forms their spirituality from their own terms, whether they believe in the universality of spiritual truths to all peoples of whatever background or not. For that reason, taking the terminology of spiritual ideas ...

See also:

Odalism, Odalism - Philosophy, Odalism - Groups & Organizations

Read more here: » Odalism: Encyclopedia II - Odalism - Philosophy

The Waterboys have gone through three distinct phases. Their early years, or "Big Music" period, were both productive and defined a new sound in British rock and roll. The following folk music period was characterized by an emphasis on touring over album production and by a remarkably large band membership, leading to the description of the group as a "Raggle Taggle band"[6]. After a brief return to the "Big Music" for one tour^{See also:}

The Waterboys, The Waterboys - History, The Waterboys - Formation, The Waterboys - Early years: The Big Music, The Waterboys - Late 80s: The Raggle Taggle band, The Waterboys - The end and return of the Waterboys, The Waterboys - Music, The Waterboys - Sound, The Waterboys - Literary influences, The Waterboys - Spirituality, The Waterboys - Membership, The Waterboys - Discography, The Waterboys - Studio albums, The Waterboys - Live albums and compilations, The Waterboys - Singles, The Waterboys - Notes and references

Read more here: » The Waterboys: Encyclopedia II - The Waterboys - History

Humans are vulnerable as individuals. By gathering together into bands and communities, they seek to gain strength and to address their vulnerabilities which, in turn, creates the potential to develop into more complex and evolving civilisations. If simple survival is to be transformed into long-term security, something more than co-ordinating the contribution of everyone's skills will be required. A social organisation will be needed to resolve disputes and offer physical security against attack. The achievement of community aims will depen ...

See also:

Social justice, Social justice - The conceptual problem, Social justice - The evolving answer, Social justice - The modern concept, Social justice - The basic liberties, Social justice - Observations, Social justice - Beliefs, Social justice - Development of Catholic social teaching, Social justice - Criticism, Social justice - Other uses, Social justice - Sources

Read more here: » Social justice: Encyclopedia II - Social justice - The evolving answer

Let us consider a 2D square array of classical spins which may only take two positions: +1 and -1, at a certain temperature T, interacting through the Ising classical hamiltonian: where the sum is extended over the pairs of nearest neighbours and J is a coupling constant, which we will consider to be fixed. There is a certain temperature, called the Curie temperature or critical temperature, TSee also:

Critical phenomena, Critical phenomena - The critical point of the 2D Ising model, Critical phenomena - Divergences at the critical point, Critical phenomena - Critical exponents and universality, Critical phenomena - Ergodicity breaking, Critical phenomena - Mathematical tools, Critical phenomena - Bibliography

Read more here: » Critical phenomena: Encyclopedia II - Critical phenomena - The critical point of the 2D Ising model

Jan Ingenhousz made some observations of the irregular motion of carbon dust on alcohol in 1765 but Brownian motion is generally regarded as having been discovered by the botanist Robert Brown in 1827. The story goes that Brown was studying pollen particles floating in water under the microscope. He then observed minute particles within vacuoles in the pollen grains executing the jittery motion that now bears his name. By doing the same with particles of dust, he was able to rule out that the motion was due to pollen being "alive", but it re ...

See also:

Brownian motion, Brownian motion - History, Brownian motion - Intuitive metaphor for Brownian motion, Brownian motion - Description of the mathematical model, Brownian motion - Modelling the Brownian motion using differential equations, Brownian motion - Mathematical Brownian motion, Brownian motion - Physical Brownian motion

Read more here: » Brownian motion: Encyclopedia II - Brownian motion - History

The nature of a moral proposition ("It is wrong to commit murder") must necessarily mean that a particular act or kind of act ought not be carried out under any circumstance ("One ought not commit murder"). This is the central point of his meta-ethical theory that establishes Kant as an extreme moral objectivist. A categorical imperative is the one and only basis for all moral statements, because a hypothetical imperative would depend on the subjective desires of the rational actors, rendering it powerless to compel moral action. ...

See also:

Categorical imperative, Categorical imperative - Nature of the concept, Categorical imperative - Freedom and autonomy, Categorical imperative - Good Will duty and the categorical imperative, Categorical imperative - The first formulation, Categorical imperative - Perfect duty, Categorical imperative - Imperfect duty, Categorical imperative - The second formulation, Categorical imperative - The third formulation, Categorical imperative - Criticism

Read more here: » Categorical imperative: Encyclopedia II - Categorical imperative - Nature of the concept

Neolibertarianism - Historical roots. Historically, the neolibertarian/paleolibertarian debate was more a question of incrementalism vs. a no-compromise, strict adherence to a principled position in matters of government interference, and the paleolibertarians' rejection of the Vietnam era alliance with the New Left in favor of an alliance with paleoconservatives. As the definition of the terms and the debate has shifted, today the divide is far more between neolibertarians and much of the rest of the libertarian ...

See also:

Neolibertarianism, Neolibertarianism - Evolution of the term, Neolibertarianism - Republitarianism, Neolibertarianism - Neolibertarian self-description, Neolibertarianism - The current divide, Neolibertarianism - Historical roots, Neolibertarianism - The Civil War, Neolibertarianism - Paleolibertarians and incrementalism, Neolibertarianism - Conservatism and neolibertarianism, Neolibertarianism - Criticism, Neolibertarianism - External resources

Read more here: » Neolibertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Neolibertarianism - The current divide

The Waterboys have released several albums and singles. The group's releases have received a great deal of praise from critics, but have had less commercial success than those of comparable bands such as World Party. In terms of music charts, the group's greatest success was with the 1990 re-release of the single for "The Whole of the Moon", which reached number ten on the U.K. singles chart and won the Ivor Novello Award. Fisherman's Blues was the group's best-selling album, and reached number thirteen on th ...

See also:

The Waterboys, The Waterboys - History, The Waterboys - Formation, The Waterboys - Early years: The Big Music, The Waterboys - Late 80s: The Raggle Taggle band, The Waterboys - The end and return of the Waterboys, The Waterboys - Music, The Waterboys - Sound, The Waterboys - Literary influences, The Waterboys - Spirituality, The Waterboys - Membership, The Waterboys - Discography, The Waterboys - Studio albums, The Waterboys - Live albums and compilations, The Waterboys - Singles, The Waterboys - Notes and references

Read more here: » The Waterboys: Encyclopedia II - The Waterboys - Discography

The Waterboys' lyrics and arrangements reflect Scott's current interests and influences[14], the latter including the musical sensibilities of other members. Wickham in particular had a tremendous impact on the band's sound after joining the group[15]. In terms of arrangement and instrumentation, rock and roll and Irish folk music have played the largest roles in the ban ...

See also:

The Waterboys, The Waterboys - History, The Waterboys - Formation, The Waterboys - Early years: The Big Music, The Waterboys - Late 80s: The Raggle Taggle band, The Waterboys - The end and return of the Waterboys, The Waterboys - Music, The Waterboys - Sound, The Waterboys - Literary influences, The Waterboys - Spirituality, The Waterboys - Membership, The Waterboys - Discography, The Waterboys - Studio albums, The Waterboys - Live albums and compilations, The Waterboys - Singles, The Waterboys - Notes and references

Read more here: » The Waterboys: Encyclopedia II - The Waterboys - Music

More than thirty musicians have performed live as a Waterboy[22]. Some have spent only a short time with the band, contributing to a single tour or album, while others have been long-term members with significant contributions. Scott has been the band's lead vocalist, motivating force, and principal songwriter throughout the group's history, but a number of other mus ...

See also:

The Waterboys, The Waterboys - History, The Waterboys - Formation, The Waterboys - Early years: The Big Music, The Waterboys - Late 80s: The Raggle Taggle band, The Waterboys - The end and return of the Waterboys, The Waterboys - Music, The Waterboys - Sound, The Waterboys - Literary influences, The Waterboys - Spirituality, The Waterboys - Membership, The Waterboys - Discography, The Waterboys - Studio albums, The Waterboys - Live albums and compilations, The Waterboys - Singles, The Waterboys - Notes and references

Read more here: » The Waterboys: Encyclopedia II - The Waterboys - Membership

Ergodicity is the assumption that a system, at a given temperature, explores the full phase space, just each state takes different probabilities. In an Ising ferromagnet below Tc this does not happen. If T < Tc, never mind how close they are, the system has chosen a global magnetization, and the phase space is divided into two regions. From one of them it is impossible to reach the other, unless a magnetic field is applied, or temperature is raised above TSee also:

Critical phenomena, Critical phenomena - The critical point of the 2D Ising model, Critical phenomena - Divergences at the critical point, Critical phenomena - Critical exponents and universality, Critical phenomena - Ergodicity breaking, Critical phenomena - Mathematical tools, Critical phenomena - Bibliography

Read more here: » Critical phenomena: Encyclopedia II - Critical phenomena - Ergodicity breaking

The term neolibertarian is undergoing a shift in meaning post-9-11 and post-Iraq War. Originally it indicated a libertarian who embraced the alliance with the New Left, whereas now it is often used to describe a libertarian who favors an interventionist foreign policy, as opposed to an isolationist course of action. In this sense the term is related to neoconservative, and is synonymous with republitarian and the less flattering liberventionist. ...

See also:

Neolibertarianism, Neolibertarianism - Evolution of the term, Neolibertarianism - Republitarianism, Neolibertarianism - Neolibertarian self-description, Neolibertarianism - The current divide, Neolibertarianism - Historical roots, Neolibertarianism - The Civil War, Neolibertarianism - Paleolibertarians and incrementalism, Neolibertarianism - Conservatism and neolibertarianism, Neolibertarianism - Criticism, Neolibertarianism - External resources

Read more here: » Neolibertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Neolibertarianism - Evolution of the term

The correlation length diverges at the critical point: as , . This divergence poses no physical problem. Other physical observables diverge at this point, leading to some confusion at the beginning. The most important is susceptibility. Let us apply a very small magnetic field to the system in the critical point. A very small magnetic field is not able to magnetize a large coherent cluster, but with these fractal clusters the picture changes. It affects easily the smallest size clusters, since they have a nearly paramagnetic behaviour ...

See also:

Critical phenomena, Critical phenomena - The critical point of the 2D Ising model, Critical phenomena - Divergences at the critical point, Critical phenomena - Critical exponents and universality, Critical phenomena - Ergodicity breaking, Critical phenomena - Mathematical tools, Critical phenomena - Bibliography

Read more here: » Critical phenomena: Encyclopedia II - Critical phenomena - Divergences at the critical point

The first neolibertarians to use the term did so in response to the Iraq war. Distancing themselves from the generally anti-war response of the Libertarian Party (LP) and the mainstream libertarian movement, neolibertarians proudly set out their reasons for supporting a vigorous war on terror and an effort to secure the freedom of Iraqis. Incrementalism in general is a common hallmark of neolibertarians, who tend to avoid over-association with the LP itself. The most obvious neolibertarian instance of taking a practical course to serve a moral goal is the ...

See also:

Neolibertarianism, Neolibertarianism - Evolution of the term, Neolibertarianism - Republitarianism, Neolibertarianism - Neolibertarian self-description, Neolibertarianism - The current divide, Neolibertarianism - Historical roots, Neolibertarianism - The Civil War, Neolibertarianism - Paleolibertarians and incrementalism, Neolibertarianism - Conservatism and neolibertarianism, Neolibertarianism - Criticism, Neolibertarianism - External resources

Read more here: » Neolibertarianism: Encyclopedia II - Neolibertarianism - Neolibertarian self-description

The Deontological ethics article contains normative criticisms of the categorical imperative. Most criticisms are of that type. An objection based on the coherence of Kant's position has been stated by Onora O'Neill (1993): "This [most central] objection is that Kant's basic framework is incoherent. His account of human knowledge leads to a conception of human beings as parts of nature, whose desires, inclinations and actions are susceptible of ordinary causal explanation. Yet his account of human freedom demands that we ...

See also:

Categorical imperative, Categorical imperative - Nature of the concept, Categorical imperative - Freedom and autonomy, Categorical imperative - Good Will duty and the categorical imperative, Categorical imperative - The first formulation, Categorical imperative - Perfect duty, Categorical imperative - Imperfect duty, Categorical imperative - The second formulation, Categorical imperative - The third formulation, Categorical imperative - Criticism

Read more here: » Categorical imperative: Encyclopedia II - Categorical imperative - Criticism