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value | A Wisdom Archive on value | | value A selection of articles related to value | |
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value, Value, Value - Computer science, Value - Economics, Value - Law, Value - Marketing, Value - Mathematics, Value - Personal and cultural values, Anthropological theories of value, Fair value for more general discussions of economic value., Moral character
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO value | | | |  value: Encyclopedia II - Public good - Subtypes of public goodsOne of the most common ways of looking at goods in economics, illustrated in the table below, is the classic division based on:
whether there is competition involved in obtaining a given good
whether it is possible to exclude a person from consumption of a given good
Sometimes, club and common goods are included in the broad definition of public goods. There are always some goods that can be ar ...
See also:Public good, Public good - Examples of public goods, Public good - Subtypes of public goods, Public good - The free rider problem, Public good - Possible solutions to the free rider problem, Public good - Dominant assurance contracts, Public good - Coasian solution, Public good - Government provision, Public good - Subsidies, Public good - Privileged group, Public good - Merging of free riders, Public good - Legislated exclusion, Public good - Non-individualism, Public good - Efficient production levels of public goods, Public good - Criticism of public goods theory, Public good - Empirical discrepancies with public goods theory, Public good - Subjective value criticisms, Public good - Assumptions regarding government provision, Public good - Normative criticism, Public good - External sources Read more here: » Public good: Encyclopedia II - Public good - Subtypes of public goods |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Resource Description Framework - Query and inference languages Several query languages for RDF graphs have emerged. RDF query languages allow expressions to be written that can be evaluated against a collection of statements in order to produce, for example, a narrowed set of statements, resources, or object values, or to perform comparisons and operations on such items. RDF queries can be used by knowledge management applications as a basis for inference actions. There is not yet any standard RDF ...
See also:Resource Description Framework, Resource Description Framework - History, Resource Description Framework - Ontologies, Resource Description Framework - Query and inference languages, Resource Description Framework - Resource identification, Resource Description Framework - Examples, Resource Description Framework - Example 1: The postal abbreviation for New York, Resource Description Framework - Statement reification and context, Resource Description Framework - Applications Read more here: » Resource Description Framework: Encyclopedia II - Resource Description Framework - Query and inference languages |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Resource Description Framework - History Work on RDF was initiated by Ramanathan V. Guha while at Apple Computer (as MCF) and continued during his tenure at Netscape Communications Corporation.
The W3C published a specification for RDF's data model and XML syntax as a Recommendation in 1999. Work then began on a new version that was published as a set of related specifications in 2004. Unlike most other W3C Recommendations, the new specifications completely replaced the old, rather than being assigned a version number like "RDF 2.0". Consequently, many implementations based on the 1999 Recommendation have yet to be updated, and many newcomers to ...
See also:Resource Description Framework, Resource Description Framework - History, Resource Description Framework - Ontologies, Resource Description Framework - Query and inference languages, Resource Description Framework - Resource identification, Resource Description Framework - Examples, Resource Description Framework - Example 1: The postal abbreviation for New York, Resource Description Framework - Statement reification and context, Resource Description Framework - Applications Read more here: » Resource Description Framework: Encyclopedia II - Resource Description Framework - History |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Resource Description Framework - Resource identification The subject of an RDF statement is either a resource, as named by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), or a blank node, lacking a URI and not directly identifiable from outside the graph. The predicate is a resource representing a relationship, as named by another URI. The object is a Unicode string literal, a resource (as named by a URI), or a blank node.
In Semantic Web applications, and in relatively popular applications of RDF like RSS and FOAF (Friend of a Friend), resources tend to be represented by URIs that intentionally denot ...
See also:Resource Description Framework, Resource Description Framework - History, Resource Description Framework - Ontologies, Resource Description Framework - Query and inference languages, Resource Description Framework - Resource identification, Resource Description Framework - Examples, Resource Description Framework - Example 1: The postal abbreviation for New York, Resource Description Framework - Statement reification and context, Resource Description Framework - Applications Read more here: » Resource Description Framework: Encyclopedia II - Resource Description Framework - Resource identification |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Geocaching - Geocaches For the traditional geocache, a geocacher will place a waterproof container, containing a log book (with pen or pencil) and treasures, then note the cache's coordinates. These coordinates, along with other details of the location are posted online. Other geocachers obtain the coordinates from the Internet and, using handheld GPS receivers, seek out the cache. The finding geocachers record their exploits in the logbook and online. Geocachers are free to take objects from the cache in exchange for leaving something of similar or higher value, so there ...
See also:Geocaching, Geocaching - History, Geocaching - Geocaches, Geocaching - Variations, Geocaching - Geocaching's status as a sport, Geocaching - Listing competition Read more here: » Geocaching: Encyclopedia II - Geocaching - Geocaches |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Netherlands copyright law - History Historically, governments issued monopolierechten to publishers for the sale of printed work. Great Britain was the first to change this in 1710 with the Statute of Anne, which recognized that authors, not publishers, should be the rightful claimant. It also entailed protection for buyers of printed work in that publishers were no longer allowed to control the use of sold works. Furthermore, it limited exclusive rights to 28 years, after which the ...
See also:Netherlands copyright law, Netherlands copyright law - Difference between copyright and 'auteursrechten', Netherlands copyright law - History, Netherlands copyright law - National laws and treaties, Netherlands copyright law - Misconceptions, Netherlands copyright law - Copyleft, Netherlands copyright law - Trivia Read more here: » Netherlands copyright law: Encyclopedia II - Netherlands copyright law - History |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Money - Private currencies In many countries, the issue of private paper currencies has been severely restricted by law.
In the United States, the Free Banking Era lasted between 1837 and 1866, during which almost anyone could issue their own paper money. States, municipalities, private banks, railroad and construction companies, stores, restaurants, churches and individuals printed an estimated 8,000 different monies by 1860. If the issuer went bankrupt, closed, left town, or otherwise went out of business the note would be worthless. Such organizations earned ...
See also:Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3 Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Private currencies |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Money - History of money Money has developed over the years from conch shells to sophisticated international banking systems.
The history of money has generally seen commodity money replaced by more formal systems, as money has been progressively brought under the control of governments.
...
See also:Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3 Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - History of money |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Netherlands copyright law - National laws and treaties Copyright laws differ between countries. However, there are several international treaties concerning copyright, including:
The Berne Convention, 1886
The Universal Copyright Convention, 1952
The WIPO Copyright Treaty, 1996
The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, 1996
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) (wh ...
See also:Netherlands copyright law, Netherlands copyright law - Difference between copyright and 'auteursrechten', Netherlands copyright law - History, Netherlands copyright law - National laws and treaties, Netherlands copyright law - Misconceptions, Netherlands copyright law - Copyleft, Netherlands copyright law - Trivia Read more here: » Netherlands copyright law: Encyclopedia II - Netherlands copyright law - National laws and treaties |
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| | | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - A justification of philosophy Nietzsche felt that it is important to know about these philosophers because they were dedicated to finding the truth about life and the world. Their concern was with the elaboration of their unique personal point of view. The pre-Socratics existed at a time when Greece was at its height. In such a time of wealthy and successful life, they had the strength and independence to question the general worth of existence. The tragedians of that age addressed the same issue with their plays.
With Plato, philosophers then lost their own indiv ...
See also:Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Early preface, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Later preface, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - A justification of philosophy, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Thales, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Anaximander, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Heraclitus, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Parmenides, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Anaxagoras Read more here: » Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - A justification of philosophy |
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| | | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Network effect - Network effects and technology lifecycle If some existing technology or company whose benefits are largely based on network effects starts to lose market share against a challenger such as a disruptive technology or open standards based competition, the benefits of network effects will reduce for the incumbent, and increase for the challenger.
In this model, a tipping point is eventually reached at which the network effects of the challenger dominate those of the former incumbent, and the incumbent is forced into an accelerating ...
See also:Network effect, Network effect - Network effect business models, Network effect - Examples, Network effect - Financial Exchanges, Network effect - Software, Network effect - Websites, Network effect - Network effects and technology lifecycle Read more here: » Network effect: Encyclopedia II - Network effect - Network effects and technology lifecycle |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Money - Money and economics Money is one of the most central topics studied in economics and forms its most cogent link to finance.
The amount of money in an economy affects inflation and interest rates and hence has profound effects. The monetary policy of government aims to manage money, inflation and interest to affect output and employment.
A monetary crisis can have very significant economic effects, particularly if it leads to monetary failure and the adoption of a much less efficient barter economy. This happened in Russia (for instance) during the 1990s.
Modern economics also faces a difficulty in decidi ...
See also:Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3 Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Money and economics |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Money - Modern forms of money When using money anonymously, the most common methods are cash (either coin or banknotes), stored-value cards or gold.
When using money substitutes in such a way as to leave a financial record of the transaction, the most common methods are checks, debit cards, credit cards, and electronic money.
...
See also:Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3 Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Modern forms of money |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Human - Spirit Humans apply different approaches to attempt to answer fundamental questions about topics like the nature of the universe (cosmology), its creation (cosmogony) and destruction (eschatology), and our place in it — who we are, why we are here, what happens after life, and more. Broadly speaking, these questions can be addressed and beliefs formed from a number of approaches and perspectives, such as religion, science, philosophy (particularly ontology within metaphysics), esotericism, and mysticism. However, these approaches are not mutually ...
See also:Human, Human - Terminology, Human - Biology, Human - Anatomy and physiology, Human - Life cycle, Human - Genetics, Human - Race and ethnicity, Human - Habitat, Human - Food and drink, Human - Population, Human - Evolution, Human - Intelligence, Human - Culture, Human - Origins, Human - Emotion and sexuality, Human - Language, Human - Music, Human - Government politics and the state, Human - Trade and economics, Human - War, Human - Artifacts science and technology, Human - Body image, Human - Mind, Human - Psychology and human ethology, Human - Philosophy, Human - Motivation, Human - Self-reflection and humanism, Human - Spirit Read more here: » Human: Encyclopedia II - Human - Spirit |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Human - Mind Consciousness is a state of mind, said to possess qualities such as, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and one's environment.
The way in which the world is experienced is the subject of much debate and research in philosophy of mind, psychology, brain biology, neurology, and cognitive science.
Humans, often mentioned with other species, are variously said to possess consciousness, self-awareness, and a mind, the fruition of which are senses and perceptions. Each hu ...
See also:Human, Human - Terminology, Human - Biology, Human - Anatomy and physiology, Human - Life cycle, Human - Genetics, Human - Race and ethnicity, Human - Habitat, Human - Food and drink, Human - Population, Human - Evolution, Human - Intelligence, Human - Culture, Human - Origins, Human - Emotion and sexuality, Human - Language, Human - Music, Human - Government politics and the state, Human - Trade and economics, Human - War, Human - Artifacts science and technology, Human - Body image, Human - Mind, Human - Psychology and human ethology, Human - Philosophy, Human - Motivation, Human - Self-reflection and humanism, Human - Spirit Read more here: » Human: Encyclopedia II - Human - Mind |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Human - Culture Culture is defined here as a set of distinctive material, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual features of a social group, including art, literature, lifestyles, value systems, traditions, rituals, and beliefs.
Culture consists of at least three elements: values, social norms, and artifacts. A culture's values define what it holds to be important. Norms are expectations of how people ought to behave. Artifacts — things, or material culture — derive from the culture's values and norms together with its understanding of the way th ...
See also:Human, Human - Terminology, Human - Biology, Human - Anatomy and physiology, Human - Life cycle, Human - Genetics, Human - Race and ethnicity, Human - Habitat, Human - Food and drink, Human - Population, Human - Evolution, Human - Intelligence, Human - Culture, Human - Origins, Human - Emotion and sexuality, Human - Language, Human - Music, Human - Government politics and the state, Human - Trade and economics, Human - War, Human - Artifacts science and technology, Human - Body image, Human - Mind, Human - Psychology and human ethology, Human - Philosophy, Human - Motivation, Human - Self-reflection and humanism, Human - Spirit Read more here: » Human: Encyclopedia II - Human - Culture |
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| | | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Market capitalization - Float The amount of shares available on the open market, the "free float", is sometimes less than the total number of shares because a portion of the outstanding shares may be held by "insiders," and/or by the company as treasury stock. In addition to the float being perhaps much smaller than the total number of shares, a significant portion of the float may be owned by large institutional investors who rarely trade. As a result, on any given trading day, generally only a small percentage of shares is traded, as in the example of ...
See also:Market capitalization, Market capitalization - Valuation, Market capitalization - Float, Market capitalization - Categorization of companies by market cap, Market capitalization - Examples, Market capitalization - Levels, Market capitalization - Lists Read more here: » Market capitalization: Encyclopedia II - Market capitalization - Float |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Money - Desirable features of money To function as money, the monetary item should possess a number of features:
To be a medium of exchange:
It should be liquid, easily tradable, with a low spread between the prices to buy and sell. A low spread typically occurs when an item is fungible.
It should be easily transportable; precious metals have a high value to weight ratio. This is why oil, copper, or bricks are not suitable as money. Paper notes ...
See also:Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3 Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Desirable features of money |
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| | | | | value: Encyclopedia II - Money - Credit as money Credit is often loosely referred to as money. However credit only satisfies items one and three of the above "Essential Characteristics of Money" criteria. Credit completely fails criterion number two. Hence to be strictly accurate credit is a money substitute and not money proper.
This distinction between money and credit causes much confusion in discussions of monetary theory. In lay terms, and when convenient in academic discussion, credit and money are frequently used interchangeably. For example bank deposits are generally includ ...
See also:Money, Money - Essential characteristics of money, Money - Credit as money, Money - Desirable features of money, Money - Modern forms of money, Money - Money and economics, Money - History of money, Money - Private currencies, Money - Money supply, Money - Growing the money supply, Money - Shrinking the money supply M3 Read more here: » Money: Encyclopedia II - Money - Credit as money |
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